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Fig. 5.5 Properly polished steel sample, not etched. Many globular nonmetallic inclusions are visible. More

Fig. 5.6 Poorly polished sample. Many scratches from grinding or from previous polishing steps are visible. More

Fig. 6.1 Summary of main interactions as an electron beam reaches a sample. Many results of these interactions can be used to acquire useful information about the sample. More

Fig. 8.47 Sulfur print of the transverse section of a steel ingot with many bubbles close to the surface (the border or “rim” of the print). In this steel, sulfides are formed in a region closer to the ingot center, because the segregated liquid has been pushed from the interdendritic regions More

Fig. 2.9 Typical structure of a cast ingot with many small grains at the surface and columnar grains extending into the interior. Source: Ref 2.1 More

Fig. 13.9 Integrated circuit with many layers. Source: Ref 13.4 More

Fig. 5 Schematic of fracture surface features observed on many ceramics. The dimensions a and 2 b denote the minor and major axes of the flaw dimensions, r M denotes the beginning of the mist region, and r H denotes the beginning of the hackle region. Source: Ref 5 More

Fig. 7.1 Schematic of fracture surface features observed on many ceramics. The dimensions a and 2 b denote the minor and major axes of the flaw dimensions, r M denotes the beginning of the mist region, and r H denotes the beginning of the hackle region. Source: Ref 7.1 More

Fig. 12.13 Hypothetical binary phase diagram showing many typical errors of construction. See accompanying text for discussion of the errors at points 1 to 23. Source: Ref 12.6 as published in Ref 12.1 More

Figure 3 In embedded compression, one observed value relates to many internal scan chain positions. More

Fig. 4 SerDes signal eye (many waveforms overlaid) More

FIG. 2.7 Fireplaces such as this Franklin stove were among the many household items made of cast iron. More

FIG. 11.1 John Pierpont Morgan, the financier who assembled many companies to form United States Steel Corporation, circa 1918. More

Fig. 5.2 Composite cross section showing many of the different facets that are usually investigated using reflected-light bright-field illumination. Shown in the cross section are voids (dark areas), ply terminations (i.e., ply drops), carbon fiber plies having different thicknesses, different More

Fig. 10.2 Fan blades, compressor discs, and many other engine components use forged titanium parts. More

Fig. 3.1 Example of a large, 3 m (10 ft.) diam. complex machine with many tribosystems, each station molds a plastic part. Friction was a limiting factor in its operation. More

Fig. 3.15 The trend for friction coefficient measured for many metal-to-metal couples in the ASTM G98 galling test. The coefficient of friction reduces when gross plastic deformation of the rubbing surfaces takes place. More

Fig. 7.4 Matrix options in gray cast irons. Similarly, there are many options for graphite shape, size, and distribution (100×) More

Fig. 1.10 Raw TiCl 4 from the processing of ore contains many impurities, including niobium, vanadium, arsenic, and antimony. The raw mixture is allowed to settle, where undissolved materials are removed as sludge. The liquid, which contains oxytrichloride (vanadyl trichloride, VOCl 3 More

Fig. 2.1 Example of one of the many highway railing post designs utilizing aluminum castings that have been developed. The alloy is A444.0-T4 with minimum elongation in permanent mold castings of 20% in front flanges for maximum energy absorption during impact. More