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macroexamination
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270160
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... on either side. The case is a reminder that rework in a welded region requires careful planning and thought. macroexamination nose bullet visual examination weld crack Summary The nose bullet of an aircraft engine was found cracked. The bullet was of welded construction. The crack could...
Abstract
The nose bullet of an aircraft engine developed a crack and was removed and examined to determine the cause. The bullet was made from a titanium alloy and was of welded construction. Close-up views show that the crack originated in an area of rework along the weld seam and propagated on either side. The case is a reminder that rework in a welded region requires careful planning and thought.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... of specimens, mechanical testing, macroexamination, microexamination, metallographic examination, determination of the fracture mechanism, chemical analysis, exemplar testing, and analysis and writing the report. The chapter ends with a discussion on various processes involved in the determination...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the possible mechanisms of failure for heat treated steel components and discusses the techniques for examining fractures, ductile and brittle failures, intergranular failure mechanisms, and fatigue. It begins with a description of the general sources of component failure. This is followed by a section on the stages of a failure analysis, which can proceed one after the other or occur at the same time. These stages of analysis are collection of background data, preliminary visual examination, nondestructive testing, selection and preservation of specimens, mechanical testing, macroexamination, microexamination, metallographic examination, determination of the fracture mechanism, chemical analysis, exemplar testing, and analysis and writing the report. The chapter ends with a discussion on various processes involved in the determination of the fracture mechanism.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... joints are indicated in the figure. Fig. CH20.1 Schematic diagram of the elevator-hinge pin-connecting flange assembly Testing Procedure and Results Macroexamination and Scanning Electron Fractography Through macroexamination, it was found that one of the fractures was fresh without...
Abstract
An aircraft went down over water some 30 minutes into a flight. The wreckage was retrieved and the elevator linkage components were dismantled, cleaned, and reassembled. As the chapter explains, both the port and starboard hinge pins had fractured at a tack welded joint along a flange. Based on visual examination, SEM fractography, and chemical analysis, investigators concluded that the hinge pins were not made from the specified steel and were not properly treated after cadmium plating. The pins failed due to hydrogen embrittlement, which may have been aggravated by welding. The chapter provides several recommendations to avoid such failures in the future.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270102
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... range. Testing Procedure and Results Macroexamination The bevel and spur gears along with the failed dowel bolts in position are shown in Fig. CH17.1 . All six bolts failed inside the bevel gear. The fracture surfaces of the halves held in the spur gear were damaged. Those in the bevel gear...
Abstract
A design modification intended to reduce dowel bolt failures in an aircraft engine proved ineffective, prompting an investigation to determine what was causing the bolts to break. As the chapter explains, failure specimens were examined under various levels of magnification and subjected to chemical analysis and low-cycle fatigue tests. Based on their findings, investigators concluded that the bolts failed due to fatigue compounded by excessive clearances and poor surface finishes. The chapter provides a number of recommendations addressing these issues and related concerns.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230199
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... 16.6.1 Macroexamination Commercially available beryllium is predominantly a powder metallurgy product. Structural castings have poor strength and ductility because of their coarse grain size, and forgings tend to be highly anisotropic. Therefore, macroexamination is seldom used for beryllium...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to safely prepare beryllium alloy samples for metallographic analysis. It describes grinding, polishing, and etching procedures in detail. It also discusses the identification of major and minor constituents and the general appearance of beryllium microstructure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
... Composition Method of Use Prepare surface as for macroexamination and clean scrupulously with solvents to remove grease. Wash and dry. Soak a photographic printing paper in the sulfuric acid solution for 10 to 15 min. Roll emulsion surface of the photographic paper firmly against the prepared...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... 6, “Basic Single-Load Fracture Modes,” in this book, ductile fractures are those in which the shear stress exceeds the shear strength before any other mode of fracture can occur. Therefore, the micromechanism of fracture is in the shear direction, but this is not always obvious on macroexamination...
Abstract
Ductile fracture results from the application of an excessive stress to a metal that has the ability to deform permanently, or plastically, prior to fracture. Careful examination and knowledge of the metal, its thermal history, and its hardness are important in determining the correct nature of the fracture features. This chapter is a detailed account of the general characteristics and microstructural aspects of ductile fracture with suitable illustrations. It describes some of the complicating factors extraneous to the fracture itself.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.9781627083010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910475
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... Type of information provided Advantages Limitations Metallography and fractography A.1 Macroexamination Examination of bulk failure or sample by eye or low-power optical device General incidence/extent of failure/damage. Juxtaposition of failure/damage. Orientation and direction...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the techniques applicable to the diagnosis of corrosion failures, including visual and microscopic examination of corroded surfaces and microstructure; chemical analysis of the metal, corrosion products, and bulk environment; nondestructive evaluation methods; corrosion testing techniques; and mechanical testing techniques. A guide to investigative techniques used in corrosion failure analysis is provided in a table, describing the advantages and limitations of each technique. The principal stages of the investigation and analysis of corrosion failures discussed in the chapter are: collection of background information and sampling; preliminary laboratory examination; detailed metallographic and fractographic examinations; chemical analysis of corrosion products and bulk materials; corrosion testing for quality control; mechanical testing for quality control; and analysis of results and report writing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... of surface coatings, case-hardened regions, welds, and other structural details that contribute to cracking. A careful macroexamination is necessary to characterize the condition of the fracture surface so that the subsequent microexamination strategy can be determined. Corrodents often do not penetrate...
Abstract
This chapter briefly outlines some of the basic aspects of failure analysis, describing some of the basic steps and major concerns in conducting a failure analysis. A brief review of failure types from fracture, distortion, wear-assisted failure, and environmentally assisted failure (corrosion) is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of fracture can occur. Therefore, the micromechanism of fracture is in the shear direction, but this is not always obvious on macroexamination. The surface of a ductile fracture is not necessarily related to the direction of the principal tensile stress, as it is in a brittle fracture. The characteristic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the causes and effects of ductile and brittle fracture and their key differences. It describes the characteristics of ductile fracture, explaining how microvoids develop and coalesce into larger cavities that are rapidly pulled apart, leaving bowl-shaped voids or dimples on each side of the fracture surface. It includes SEM images showing how the cavities form, how they progress to final failure, and how dimples vary in shape based on loading conditions. The chapter, likewise, describes the characteristics of brittle fracture, explaining why it occurs and how it appears under various levels of magnification. It also discusses the ductile-to-brittle transition observed in steel, the characteristics of intergranular fracture, and the causes of embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... these tests to judge quality, to locate problem areas for further study, and, in some cases, to determine how the component was produced. In research studies, the processing steps are often varied, and the macroexamination is designed to show differences due to changes in manufacturing practices. Thus...
Abstract
This chapter describes several macroscopic examination techniques, including macroetching, contact printing, fracturing, and lead exudation. It explains how each method is implemented, why it is used, and what it reveals about manufacturing processes, defects, imperfections, and failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560309
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of welding on the structure of metal, particularly the changes induced in the isothermal regions adjacent to the weld. It presents more than 150 images identifying structures and features associated with fusion and solid-state welding processes, including electroslag, TIG, gas, electron-beam, and arc welding as well as vacuum diffusion, forge, friction, electrical-resistance, and explosive welding. It also discusses the effect of welding temperature, pressure, and composition on the transformations that occur in and around the weld, and it includes a short section on brazing and braze welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
Abstract
This chapter discusses the tools and techniques of light microscopy and how they are used in the study of materials. It reviews the basic physics of light, the inner workings of light microscopes, and the relationship between resolution and depth of field. It explains the difference between amplitude and optical-phase features and how they are revealed using appropriate illumination methods. It compares images obtained using bright field and dark field illumination, polarized and cross-polarized light, and interference-contrast techniques. It also discusses the use of photometers, provides best practices and recommendations for photographing structures and features of interest, and describes the capabilities of hot-stage and hot-cell microscopes.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.9781627082600
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0