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machine control
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Image
Published: 01 August 2015
Image
Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 21 Numerically controlled machining center that can change workpieces as well as cutting tools. Courtesy of Kearney and Trecker Corporation. Source: Ref 9
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Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... Abstract Most filament winding machines now have computer controls and at least three axes. Winding with four axes is increasingly common because the shapes of the products have evolved to include more complexity. The automation used on the winding machine and ancillary components does...
Abstract
Most filament winding machines now have computer controls and at least three axes. Winding with four axes is increasingly common because the shapes of the products have evolved to include more complexity. The automation used on the winding machine and ancillary components does not eliminate the need for proper fiber handling. This chapter is a primer on modern filament winding equipment and its use, starting with an overview of machine control and then discussing the design and structural analysis of filament wound components such as pressure vessels, pipes, grid structures, deep sea oil platform drill risers, high-speed rotors, and filament-wound preforms.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... Abstract This chapter discusses the ways in which the evolution of filament winding software systems has capitalized on the inherent flexibility of computer numerical controlled winding machines and enhanced their productivity. It provides a detailed discussion on different types of geometries...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the ways in which the evolution of filament winding software systems has capitalized on the inherent flexibility of computer numerical controlled winding machines and enhanced their productivity. It provides a detailed discussion on different types of geometries that can be wound, from the simple to the highly complex, with insight into the limitations, advantages, and challenges of each. Components covered include classic axisymmetric parts (rings, pipes, driveshafts, pipe reducers, tapered shafts, closed-end pressure vessels, and storage tanks), nonround sections (aeromasts, airfoils, box sections, and fuselage sections), curved-axis parts (elbows, ducts), and special applications (tees). Basic winding concepts, such as band pattern, are discussed and explained, and some simple predictive formulae are introduced. The chapter also provides examples of programming various geometries using advanced software tools and discusses how various materials, such as rovings, tow-preg, prepreg tape, and woven materials, affect winding program generation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
.... Customers will not accept increased machining costs due to inconsistencies in dimensions nor will they tolerate damage to flexible machining systems or transfer times resulting from poor control and inspection in foundries. Variations in dimensions represent one of the most common complaints with regard...
Abstract
The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional inspection. Casting defects including porosity, oxide films, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects are reviewed. Liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and leak testing for castings are discussed. The chapter provides information on the procedures involved in the inspection of castings that are limited to visual and dimensional inspections, weight testing, and hardness testing. It also discusses the use of computer equipment in foundry inspection operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... on the measurement input, and the computer software that controls the entire system. In addition, the CMM has some means of providing output to the user (printer, plotter CRT) and/or to other machines in a complete manufacturing system. Coordinate measuring machines linked together in an overall inspection...
Abstract
The coordinate measuring machine (CMM) is used for three-dimensional inspection of both in-process and finished parts. This chapter provides a detailed account of the operating principles, measurement techniques, capabilities, and applications of CMMs. The types of CMMs are described. Vertical CMMs include cantilever-type, bridge-type, and gantry CMMs; horizontal CMMs, such as the horizontal-arm type, are also covered. The CMM application for geometric measurement, contour measurement, and specialized surface measurement are discussed.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... to be presented to the U.S. government for rocket technology applications. Fig. 2.1 Richard E. Young, the founder of modern-day filament winding From this time in the early 1940s until well into the 1980s, most filament winding machines were simple mechanically controlled pieces of equipment...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of filament winding systems and the automated processes used in state-of-the-art filament winding facilities. It first provides a description on the early stages of modern filament winding, followed by brief information on the advances of filament winding in the computer age. Then, the chapter discusses the requirements for filament winding in manufacturing oil and gas industry components and in high-volume production of sporting goods, propane tanks, and curing ovens. The chapter concludes with examples of the versatility of filament winding in producing complex parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
...-based controller Fig. 1 Screw-driven balance-beam universal testing machine (1890 model) Fig. 2 Components of an electromechanical (screw-driven) testing machine. For the configuration shown, moving the lower (intermediate) head upward produces tension in the lower space between...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the current technology and examines force application systems, force measurement, strain measurement, important instrument considerations, gripping of test specimens, test diagnostics, and the use of computers for gathering and reducing data. The influence of the machine stiffness on the test results is also described, along with a general assessment of test accuracy, precision, and repeatability of modern equipment. The chapter discusses various types of testing machines and their operations. Emphasis is placed on strain-sensing equipment. The chapter briefly describes load condition factors, such as strain rate, machine rigidity, and various testing modes by load control, speed control, strain control, and strain-rate control. It provides a description of environmental chambers for testing and discusses the processes involved in the force verification of universal testing machines. Specimen geometries and standard tensile tests are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... vision MACHINE VISION emerged as an important new technique for industrial inspection and quality control in the early 1980s. When properly applied, machine vision can provide accurate and inexpensive 100% inspection of workpieces, dramatically increasing product quality. Machine vision is also used...
Abstract
Machine vision is a means of simulating the image recognition and analysis capabilities of the human eye/brain system with electronic and electromechanical techniques. This chapter discusses four basic steps in the machine vision process, namely image formation, image preprocessing, image analysis, and image interpretation. Details of the processes involved, equipment used, and the factors to be considered are also presented. In addition, the applications of machine vision are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
..., production machining systems, and computer numerically controlled (CNC) machining systems. General-Purpose Machine Tools General-purpose machine tools include lathes, milling machines, drill presses, and similar machines normally found in tool rooms and small job shops. They can perform only a limited...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practical aspects of machining, particularly for turning, milling, drilling, and grinding operations. It begins with a discussion on machinability and its impact on quality and cost. It then describes the dimensional and surface finish tolerances that can be achieved through conventional machining methods, the mechanics of chip formation, the factors that affect tool wear, the selection and use of cutting fluids, and the determination of machining parameters based on force and power requirements. It also includes information on nontraditional machining processes such as electrical discharge, abrasive jet, and hydrodynamic machining, laser and electron beam machining, ultrasonic impact grinding, and electrical discharge wire cutting.
Image
Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 19 Three types of machines for high-energy-rate forging. (a) Ram-and-inner-frame machine. (b) Two-ram machine. (c) Controlled-energy-flow machine. Triggering and expansion of gas in the firing chamber cause the upper and lower rams to move toward each other at high velocity. An outer
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... strength materials such as steels or composites but of course larger or smaller capacities can be used as necessary. Direct tension tests usually require a simple ramp function that is possible on the more economical electromechanical (screw-drive) test machine. Computer controlled servo-hydraulic test...
Abstract
This chapter details low-temperature test procedures and equipment. It discusses the role temperature plays in the properties of typical engineering materials. The effect that lowering the temperature of a solid has on the mechanical properties of a material is summarized for three principal groups of engineering materials: metals, ceramics, and polymers (including fiber-reinforced polymers). The chapter describes the factors that influence the selection of tensile testing procedures for low-temperature evaluation, along with a comparison of tensile and compression tests. It covers the parameters and standards related to low-temperature tensile testing. The chapter discusses the factors involved in controlling test temperature. Finally, the chapter discusses the safety issues concerning the use of cooled methanol, liquid-nitrogen, and liquid helium.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.9781627082808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410215
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... on to the four side cores after they close in. 8.1.3 Design for Directional Solidification Directional solidification is targeted in three ways through machine stock adjustment, cooling design of the tooling, and mold coating control. Machine Stock Adjustment A large percentage of wheels...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... unpredictable dimensional change in a component due to thermal processing or temperature variations and loading in service. This chapter describes two types of distortion: size distortion and shape distortion. It addresses how distortion can be managed by controlling certain factors. The chapter discusses...
Abstract
Distortion is defined as an irreversible and usually unpredictable dimensional change in a component due to thermal processing or temperature variations and loading in service. This chapter describes two types of distortion: size distortion and shape distortion. It addresses how distortion can be managed by controlling certain factors. The chapter discusses the cause and effect of distortion during nitriding, the processes involved in stock removal prior to nitriding, and the criteria for post-machining operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... arms for providing measurement input, a computer for making rapid calculations and comparisons based on the measurement input, and the computer software that controls the entire system. An example of a CMM probe taking measurements on a machined stiffener is illustrated in Fig. 2 . Coordinate...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the various inspection methods used with metals and alloys, namely visual inspection, coordinate measuring machines, machine vision, hardness testing, tensile testing, chemical analysis, metallography, and nondestructive testing. The nondestructive testing methods discussed are liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic testing.
Image
Published: 01 February 2005
Fig. 21.9 Information flow and processing steps in die manufacturing. CMM, coordinate measuring machine; CNC, computer numerical control; EDM, electrical discharge machining
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... illustrates a high-volume manufacturing cell concept. Fig. 4.15 Gravity permanent mold cell concept Several of the tilt pouring machines (tippers) are radially mounted on a turntable or rotary table controlled by a programmable logic controller (PLC), as shown in Fig. 4.15 . The tip time, table...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and applications of various aluminum casting processes, namely green sand casting process, air set or no-bake molding process, vacuum molding process, evaporative foam casting process, and die casting process. The processes covered also include gravity permanent molding, low-pressure permanent molding, counter pressure, squeeze casting, investment casting, rapid prototype casting, cast forge hybrid, and semisolid metal processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... by the metallurgist. Reheat treat operation is allowed and must be detailed in the control plan. Dimensional Control Both the customer and the casting supplier shall maintain identical coordinate measuring machine (CMM) fixtures, with identical locators shown in the design drawing. The caster will provide...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of various factors pertinent to the development and launch of a product. It begins by describing the five phases in the product launch process, namely product design and development, process design and development, product and process validation, product launch, and continuous improvement. This is followed by sections covering product-process flow diagrams and also the process elements considered for process failure mode and effects analysis. Some of the aspects covered by the engineering specifications to meet the product performance requirements are then reviewed. Details on product validation requirements and definitions of parameters related to the launch process are also provided. The chapter discusses the purpose of manufacturing control plan, along with an illustration of a manufacturing control plan outlined for a safety-critical suspension casting. It ends with an overview of the contents of a program launch manual.
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