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Published: 01 November 2012
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... It describes the most effective methods of improving fatigue life. The chapter also explains the effect of geometrical stress concentrations on fatigue. In addition, it explores the environmental effects of corrosion fatigue, low-temperature fatigue, high-temperature fatigue, and thermal fatigue. Finally...
Abstract
Fatigue failures occur due to the application of fluctuating stresses that are much lower than the stress required to cause failure during a single application of stress. This chapter describes three basic factors that cause fatigue: a maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value, a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The discussion covers high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and fatigue crack propagation. The chapter then discusses the stages where fatigue crack nucleation and growth occurs. It describes the most effective methods of improving fatigue life. The chapter also explains the effect of geometrical stress concentrations on fatigue. In addition, it explores the environmental effects of corrosion fatigue, low-temperature fatigue, high-temperature fatigue, and thermal fatigue. Finally, the chapter discusses a number of design philosophies or methodologies to deal with design against fatigue failures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys are reviewed in this chapter; the effects on polymers and glasses are discussed briefly. The fundamental mechanisms controlling temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, phenomena encountered in low-temperature testing...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a material describe the relations between the stresses acting on the material and its resulting deformations. Stresses capable of producing permanent deformations, which remain after the stresses are removed, are considered in this chapter. The effects of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys are reviewed in this chapter; the effects on polymers and glasses are discussed briefly. The fundamental mechanisms controlling temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, phenomena encountered in low-temperature testing, and the mechanical properties of some representative engineering metals and alloys are described. Modifications of test procedures for low temperatures and sources of data are also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... measurements. fatigue fracture fractography microstructural analysis turbine blades Summary A low-pressure turbine rotor blade failed in service, causing extensive damage to the engine. The blade failed by stress rupture followed by fatigue due to high operating temperature. Background...
Abstract
A low-pressure turbine rotor blade failed in service, causing extensive engine damage. A section of the blade broke off around 25 mm from the root platform, producing a flat fracture surface that appeared smooth on one end and grainy elsewhere. Based on their examination, investigators concluded that the nickel-base superalloy blade was exposed to high temperatures and stresses, initiating a crack that propagated under cyclic loading. This chapter provides a summary of the investigation and the insights acquired using scanning electron fractography, metallography, and hardness measurements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cmp.t66770171
EISBN: 978-1-62708-337-9
... Under pure rolling-contact fatigue conditions, that is, those comparable to the contact at the pitch line of a gear tooth, it was found that the fatigue limit of reheat-quenched and tempered test rollers increases as the tempering temperature increases, up to 250 °C. However, in a low-cycle high-load...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with tempering and refrigeration treatments and their effect on case-carburized parts. It explains how tempering makes such parts easier to machine, more structurally and dimensionally stable, and more durable in certain applications. It identifies key process parameters and provides test data showing how they affect hardness, yield strength, bending and contact fatigue, and fracture toughness. It also addresses potential problems stemming from process-related factors such as the presence of hydrogen and the effects of aging and grinding. In regard to refrigeration, the chapter explains that it is not uncommon for subzero treatments to be included in the production of carburized parts whether as a standard procedure or optional step. Subzero cooling promotes the transformation of retained austenite to martensite, thereby increasing surface hardness and reducing the propensity of quenched carburized steels to burn and crack during surface grinding. The chapter includes numerous data plots and tables showing how the various treatments influence hardness, wear resistance, tensile properties, and fatigue and fracture behaviors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
..., and frequency) and factors such as temperature, material defects, component geometry, and processing history. It provides a detailed overview of the damage mechanisms associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue as well as thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue, and fatigue-crack growth. It also demonstrates...
Abstract
This chapter describes the phenomenological aspects of fatigue and how to assess its effect on the life of components operating in high-temperature environments. It explains how fatigue is measured and expressed and how it is affected by loading conditions (stress cycles, amplitude, and frequency) and factors such as temperature, material defects, component geometry, and processing history. It provides a detailed overview of the damage mechanisms associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue as well as thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue, and fatigue-crack growth. It also demonstrates the use of tools and techniques that have been developed to quantify fatigue-related damage and its effect on the remaining life of components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... prediction and related design methods and some of the factors involved in high-temperature fatigue, including creep-fatigue interaction and thermomechanical damage. constant-load creep curves creep deformation creep-fatigue interaction elevated-temperature fracture high-temperature fatigue stress...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life prediction and related design methods and some of the factors involved in high-temperature fatigue, including creep-fatigue interaction and thermomechanical damage.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
.... Cracking of the tube ends is a characteristic feature of thermal fatigue. Thermal fatigue damage typically exhibits numerous cracks and crazing. Damage due to thermal fatigue can be of the low-cycle or high-cycle type ( Ref 6.1 ). Drastic change in temperature causing thermal shock or a large...
Abstract
Boiler tubes subjected to cyclic or fluctuating loads over extended periods of time are prone to fatigue failure. Fatigue can occur at relatively low stresses and is implicated in almost 80% of the tube failures in firetube boilers. This chapter covers the most common forms of boiler tube fatigue, including mechanical or vibrational fatigue, corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue, and creep-fatigue interaction. It discusses the causes, characteristics, and impacts of each type and provides several case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... model damage mechanics high-temperature creep-fatigue analysis strain-range partitioning thermomechanical fatigue void growth A REVIEW is presented of selected methods now in use, or contemplated for use, for high-temperature creep-fatigue analysis. Among the methods discussed are the 10% rule...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed review of creep-fatigue analysis techniques, including the 10% rule, strain-range partitioning, several variants of the frequency-modified life equation, damage assessment based on tensile hysteresis energy, the OCTF (oxidation, creep, and thermomechanical fatigue) damage model, and numerous methods that make use of creep-rupture, crack-growth, and void-growth data. It also discusses the use of continuum damage mechanics and includes examples demonstrating the accuracy of each method as well as the procedures involved.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270138
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... on their observations and the results of SEM imaging described in the chapter, investigators concluded that the blade failed by low-cycle fatigue, acting on a preexisting crack. fractography high pressure turbine blades low-cycle fatigue SEM fractography visual examination Summary A nimonic alloy...
Abstract
A high-pressure turbine blade in an aircraft engine failed prematurely, fracturing close to the root. Visual examination revealed significant plastic deformation on the leading edge of the blade, blocky cleavage on the trailing edge, and a region covered with fissures in between. Based on their observations and the results of SEM imaging described in the chapter, investigators concluded that the blade failed by low-cycle fatigue, acting on a preexisting crack.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860269
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... is a hazardous material. Today, liquid-helium testing is more common. The factors involved in apparatus design for fatigue and fracture testing at extreme temperatures down to 4 K are discussed by Fowlkes and Tobler (1976) . To reduce the costs of long-term fatigue tests, a fatigue cryostat should have low...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the concepts of fracture mechanics and their application to materials evaluation and the design of cryogenic structures. Emphasis is placed on an explanation of technology, a review of fracture mechanics testing methods, and a discussion on the many factors contributing to the fracture behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Three approaches of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics are covered, namely the crack opening displacement, the J-integral, and the R-curve methods. The chapter also discusses the influence of thermal and metallurgical effects on toughness at low temperatures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... engines aerospace structural components commercial aircraft high-cycle fatigue low-cycle thermal fatigue Space Shuttle THE MATERIAL BEHAVIOR and life prediction models discussed in earlier chapters have evolved over the years specifically for assessing structural integrity, durability...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the authors assessed the potential risks of creep-fatigue in several aerospace applications using the tools and techniques presented in earlier chapters. It begins by identifying the fatigue regimes encountered in the main engines of the Space Shuttle. It then describes the types of damage observed in engine components and the methods used to mitigate problems. It also discusses the results of analyses that led to changes in design or approach and examines fatigue-related issues in turbine engines used in commercial aircraft.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
..., particularly near the last stages, problems relating to low-temperature corrosion phenomena, such as corrosion fatigue and stress corrosion, are of great concern; these problems, however, are beyond the scope of this book and will not be treated here. It can also be seen from Table 6.1 that a number...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment methods for the most-failure prone components beginning with rotors and continuing on to casings, blades, nozzles, and high-temperature bolts. The chapter makes extensive use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables and includes step-by-step instructions where relevant.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... in section. However, the significant effect of notches, even those with low stress-concentration factors, on the fatigue behavior of this steel is apparent. Fig. 15 Room-temperature S - N curves for a 300M steel with an ultimate tensile strength of 2000 MPa (290 ksi) having various notch severities...
Abstract
This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which they can be optimized. It also discusses the effect of metalworking and heat treatment, the influence of loading and operating conditions, and factors such as corrosion damage that can accelerate crack growth rates.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... for Cryogenic Service , 1974 ; Low Temperature and Cryogenic Steels , 1966 ). In this section, the general trends in strength, toughness, and fatigue resistance are summarized as a function of temperature. Use the data presented here and the data in the handbooks with care because there may be significant...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the structural alloys being used for cryogenic applications in commercially significant quantities. It emphasizes the practical considerations involved in the material selection process and provides the information necessary to make preliminary selections of alloys most suitable for the intended cryogenic application. The chapter provides general information on a class or group of alloys, their representative mechanical and physical properties, and their fabrication characteristics. The materials covered are austenitic stainless steels, nickel steels, aluminum alloys, and other metals and alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... not as serious (or as sudden) as fracture, because wear is usually anticipated. Failures can also be induced by service temperatures. Examples include creep deformation and rupture at elevated temperature, or the brittle fracture of body-centered cubic (bcc) metals at low temperatures. Cyclic stress (fatigue...
Abstract
Durability is a generic term used to describe the performance of a material or a component made from that material in a given application. In order to be durable, a material must resist failure by wear, corrosion, fracture, fatigue, deformation, and exposure to a range of service temperatures. This chapter covers several types of component and material failure associated with wear, temperature effects, and crack growth. It examines temperature-induced, brittle, ductile, and fatigue failures as well as failures due to abrasive, erosive, adhesive, and fretting wear and cavitation fatigue. It also discusses preventative measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... regardless of sign tend to reduce, or even annihilate, the residual stresses. Likewise, high temperature may anneal away the stresses associated with the residual strains. It is here, especially, where a distinction must be made between high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue. Thus, in order to exploit...
Abstract
This chapter is largely a compendium of best practices and procedures for minimizing the effects of fatigue. It explains how to make products more resistant to fatigue by choosing the right materials and manufacturing processes, avoiding geometries and features that concentrate strains, preventing or removing surface damage, and by inducing compressive mean stresses that prolong fatigue life. It also discusses the use of property conditioning and restoration treatments, the benefits of interference fits and processes such as coaxing, the effects of assembly damage and operating overload, the importance of surface cleanliness and finish, and the role of inspection, testing, replacement, and repair in safe-life and fail-safe designs. Examples highlighting the benefits and potential pitfalls of proof loading tests are included as well.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... strength of the material. Unlike creep, fatigue is not strongly influenced by temperature. Thus, fatigue can occur in both hot- and cold-section components. Fatigue failures are generally categorized as occurring by either high-cycle or low-cycle mechanisms, depending on the frequency of the loading...
Abstract
Combustion turbines consist of a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. As commonly configured, the compressor and turbine mount on a single shaft that connects directly to a generator. This chapter reviews the materials of construction, damage mechanisms, and life-assessment techniques for nozzles and buckets. It also presents key information from a detailed review of the literature and the results of a survey on combustion-turbine material problems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... increases with increasing stress and temperature. Fig. 3.8 Increased stress and increased temperature cause faster creep Fatigue Failures may occur under repeated applications of stress at a level which would not cause failure if the stress were applied only once. This phenomenon is called...
Abstract
The mechanical behavior of a material, in the most practical sense, is how it deforms or breaks under load; in other words, how it responds when stressed. This chapter provides a brief review of the properties associated with mechanical behavior, including stress, strain, elasticity, plastic deformation, ductility, hardness, creep, fatigue, and fracture. It also describes the primary components of a Charpy impact tester and the role they serve.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... strength (TYS) and ultimate tensile strength (UTS) Ductility Toughness Cyclic properties, including low-cycle fatigue (LCF) and high-cycle fatigue (HCF) Crack propagation in fatigue ( da / dN ) or under environmental constraints ( da / dt ) The mechanical properties of titanium alloys...
Abstract
This chapter examines the process, structure, and property relationships in titanium alloys. It provides information on microstructures and strengthening mechanisms, the role of alloy and interstitial elements, and the effect of composition, processing, and surface treatments on tensile and yield strength, fracture toughness, hardness, ductility, and creep and fatigue behaviors. The chapter covers wrought, cast, and powder metal titanium alloys and contains an extensive amount of property data.
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