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low-cycle thermal fatigue
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 14.19 Low-cycle fatigue cracking induced by thermal strains in the rivet slot of a nickel-base superalloy disk
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
...-concentration factor for initiating thermal low-cycle fatigue cracks Fig. 10.12 Injector nozzle element in a fuel preburner assembly showing location of the initiation and propagation of high-cycle fatigue cracks at the critical radius (point A ) Fig. 10.13 Near-term fix to prevent...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the authors assessed the potential risks of creep-fatigue in several aerospace applications using the tools and techniques presented in earlier chapters. It begins by identifying the fatigue regimes encountered in the main engines of the Space Shuttle. It then describes the types of damage observed in engine components and the methods used to mitigate problems. It also discusses the results of analyses that led to changes in design or approach and examines fatigue-related issues in turbine engines used in commercial aircraft.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
.... Cracking of the tube ends is a characteristic feature of thermal fatigue. Thermal fatigue damage typically exhibits numerous cracks and crazing. Damage due to thermal fatigue can be of the low-cycle or high-cycle type ( Ref 6.1 ). Drastic change in temperature causing thermal shock or a large...
Abstract
Boiler tubes subjected to cyclic or fluctuating loads over extended periods of time are prone to fatigue failure. Fatigue can occur at relatively low stresses and is implicated in almost 80% of the tube failures in firetube boilers. This chapter covers the most common forms of boiler tube fatigue, including mechanical or vibrational fatigue, corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue, and creep-fatigue interaction. It discusses the causes, characteristics, and impacts of each type and provides several case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
...-rupture testing FOR METALS AT LOW TEMPERATURES, yield strength is usually the limiting design factor. However, at high temperatures, permanent deformation can occur over a period of time at stresses well below the yield strength. This time-dependent deformation is known as creep and occurs...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life prediction and related design methods and some of the factors involved in high-temperature fatigue, including creep-fatigue interaction and thermomechanical damage.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
.... , Fatigue Properties of Metals , Section 3.2, Fatigue Design Handbook , Society of Automotive Engineers , 1968 (Section 3.2 is a Summary of a Paper Presented at a Meeting of Division 4 of the SAE Iron and steel Technical Commmittee , Nov 4 , 1964 .) 6.17 Halford G.R. , Low-Cycle Thermal...
Abstract
This chapter explains why it is sometimes necessary to separate inelastic from elastic strains and how to do it using one of two methods. It first discusses the direct calculation of strain-range components from experimental data associated with large strains. It then explains how the method can be extended to the treatment of very low inelastic strains by adjusting tensile and compressive hold periods and continuous cycling frequencies. The chapter then begins the presentation of the second approach, called the total strain-range method, so named because it combines elastic and inelastic strain into a total strain range. The discussion covers important features, procedures, and correlations as well as the use of models and the steps involved in predicting thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life. It also includes information on isothermal fatigue, bithermal creep-fatigue testing, and the predictability of the method for TMF cycling.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The discussion covers high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and fatigue crack propagation. The chapter then discusses the stages where fatigue crack nucleation and growth occurs...
Abstract
Fatigue failures occur due to the application of fluctuating stresses that are much lower than the stress required to cause failure during a single application of stress. This chapter describes three basic factors that cause fatigue: a maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value, a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The discussion covers high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and fatigue crack propagation. The chapter then discusses the stages where fatigue crack nucleation and growth occurs. It describes the most effective methods of improving fatigue life. The chapter also explains the effect of geometrical stress concentrations on fatigue. In addition, it explores the environmental effects of corrosion fatigue, low-temperature fatigue, high-temperature fatigue, and thermal fatigue. Finally, the chapter discusses a number of design philosophies or methodologies to deal with design against fatigue failures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... overview of the damage mechanisms associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue as well as thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue, and fatigue-crack growth. It also demonstrates the use of tools and techniques that have been developed to quantify fatigue-related damage and its effect on the remaining life...
Abstract
This chapter describes the phenomenological aspects of fatigue and how to assess its effect on the life of components operating in high-temperature environments. It explains how fatigue is measured and expressed and how it is affected by loading conditions (stress cycles, amplitude, and frequency) and factors such as temperature, material defects, component geometry, and processing history. It provides a detailed overview of the damage mechanisms associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue as well as thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue, and fatigue-crack growth. It also demonstrates the use of tools and techniques that have been developed to quantify fatigue-related damage and its effect on the remaining life of components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... 8.2 Halford G.R. , Low-Cycle Thermal Fatigue , Thermal Stresses II , Hetnarski R.B. , Ed., Elsevier Science Publishers B. V. , 1987 , p 329 – 428 8.3 Halford G.R. , Evolution of Creep-Fatigue Life Prediction Models , Creep-Fatigue Interaction at High Temperature , AD...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed review of creep-fatigue analysis techniques, including the 10% rule, strain-range partitioning, several variants of the frequency-modified life equation, damage assessment based on tensile hysteresis energy, the OCTF (oxidation, creep, and thermomechanical fatigue) damage model, and numerous methods that make use of creep-rupture, crack-growth, and void-growth data. It also discusses the use of continuum damage mechanics and includes examples demonstrating the accuracy of each method as well as the procedures involved.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... of compacted graphite iron over gray iron and ductile iron. It presents examples of low- and high-frequency thermal cycling, both of which affect the thermal stresses that castings are exposed to during temperature fluctations. Information on optimum carbon and silicon ranges as well as mechanical property...
Abstract
Compacted graphite iron (GCI) is a cast iron grade that is engineered through graphite morphology modifications to achieve a combination of thermal and mechanical properties that are in between those of flake graphite iron and ductile iron. This chapter discusses the advantages of compacted graphite iron over gray iron and ductile iron. It presents examples of low- and high-frequency thermal cycling, both of which affect the thermal stresses that castings are exposed to during temperature fluctations. Information on optimum carbon and silicon ranges as well as mechanical property standards for CGI are provided. The chapter describes the critical factors that control CGI and discusses methods of CGI manufacturing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... with improved pitting resistance; improve design to minimize stress concentration; reduce da/dn; coatings HP/IP rotor Radial-axial bore cracks Creep with or without low-cycle fatigue; poor creep ductility due to faulty heat treatment (class c) coupled with poor center quality facilitating initiation...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment methods for the most-failure prone components beginning with rotors and continuing on to casings, blades, nozzles, and high-temperature bolts. The chapter makes extensive use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables and includes step-by-step instructions where relevant.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... fatigue resistance of the matrix material, particularly in the low-cycle regime ( Ref 9.2 , 9.3 ). Results of a simple example calculation are presented in conjunction with data from Ref 9.3 and repeated in Fig. 9.3 . The results are from isothermal, 425 °C (800 °F), completely reversed fatigue tests...
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites have carved out a niche in applications requiring high strength to weight ratios, but they are susceptible to failure when exposed to high temperatures and cyclic loads. This chapter discusses the obstacles that must be overcome to improve the creep-fatigue behavior of these otherwise promising materials. It addresses six areas that have been the focus of intense research, including thermal-expansion and elastic-viscoplastic mismatch, thermally induced biaxiality and interply stresses, creep and cyclic relaxation of residual stresses, and enhanced interfaces for oxidation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... in high mechanical hysteresis. Because of their low thermal conductivity, a large portion of the mechanical work done is converted into heat, which complicates the analysis of fatigue data, particularly at high loading frequencies. The traditional approach to fatigue lifetime prediction due to Wohler...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... 11.31 Smith C.R. , “Tips on Fatigue,” Report GD/C-63-091 , General Dynamics/Convair , 1963 11.32 Manson S.S. , Thermal Stress and Low-Cycle Fatigue , McGraw-Hill , New York , 1966 10.1115/1.3625225 11.33 Heywood R.B. , Designing against Fatigue of Metals...
Abstract
This chapter is largely a compendium of best practices and procedures for minimizing the effects of fatigue. It explains how to make products more resistant to fatigue by choosing the right materials and manufacturing processes, avoiding geometries and features that concentrate strains, preventing or removing surface damage, and by inducing compressive mean stresses that prolong fatigue life. It also discusses the use of property conditioning and restoration treatments, the benefits of interference fits and processes such as coaxing, the effects of assembly damage and operating overload, the importance of surface cleanliness and finish, and the role of inspection, testing, replacement, and repair in safe-life and fail-safe designs. Examples highlighting the benefits and potential pitfalls of proof loading tests are included as well.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
...). Fig. 9.47. Scatterband for low-cycle-fatigue properties at 850 °C (1560 °F) for IN 738 LC tested at two different frequencies ( Ref 75 ). Fig. 9.48. Correlation of degree of creep voiding with percent of creep life consumed. Top left, 40%; top right, 60%; bottom left and right, 80% ( Ref...
Abstract
Combustion turbines consist of a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. As commonly configured, the compressor and turbine mount on a single shaft that connects directly to a generator. This chapter reviews the materials of construction, damage mechanisms, and life-assessment techniques for nozzles and buckets. It also presents key information from a detailed review of the literature and the results of a survey on combustion-turbine material problems.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... Btu/hr/ft 2 /°F/in. 0.225 0.225 0.225 0.225 0.225 0.225 Glass trans. temp. (Dry) T GD °F 350 420 420 420 700 700 LM, low modulus; IMLS, intermediate modulus low strength; IMHS, Intermediate modulus high strength; HM, High modulus. Thermal, hygral, compression, and shear...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of fatigue on polymers, ceramics, composites, and bone. It begins with a general comparison of polymers and metals, noting important differences in microstructure and cyclic loading response. It then presents the results of several studies that shed light on the fatigue behavior and crack growth mechanisms of common structural polymers and moves on from there to discuss the fatigue behavior of bone and how it compares to stable and cyclically softening metals. It also discusses the fatigue characteristics of engineered and composited ceramics and ceramic fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... continued cyclic loading, and that can then lead to fracture of the part or structure. Once initiated, the fatigue fracture can propagate by high stresses and low cycles or by low stresses and high cycles. The final rupture may have characteristics of brittle and/or ductile fracture modes, depending...
Abstract
Fatigue fractures are generally considered the most serious type of fracture in machinery parts simply because fatigue fractures can and do occur in normal service, without excessive overloads, and under normal operating conditions. This chapter first discusses the three stages (initiation, propagation, and final rupture) of fatigue fracture followed by a discussion of its microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. The relationship between stress and strength in fatigue is explained. The next section provides information that may help the uninitiated to appreciate some of the problems of laboratory fatigue testing and of the fatigue process itself. Finally, information on types and statistical aspects of fatigue is provided along with examples.
Image
in Aerospace Applications—Example Fatigue Problems
> Fatigue and Durability of Metals at High Temperatures
Published: 01 July 2009
Fig. 10.11 Reworked pilot rib design to machine away potentially damaged areas and relocate and hence reduce the stress-concentration factor for initiating thermal low-cycle fatigue cracks
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
.... Eng. , Vol 215 , 1959 , p 794 – 807 3.8 Manson S.S. , Thermal Stresses in Design, Part 19: Cyclic Life of Ductile Materials , Mach. Des. , Vol 21 , July 7, 1960 , p 139 – 144 . See also S.S. Manson , Thermal Stresses and Low-Cycle Fatigue , McGraw-Hill, Inc ., New York...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the methods used to quantify the effects of fatigue on component lifetime and failure. It discusses the development and use of S-N (stress amplitude vs. cycles to failure) curves, the emergence of strain-based approaches to fatigue analysis, and important refinements and modifications. It demonstrates the use of approximate equations, including the method of universal slopes and the four-point correlation technique, which provides reasonable estimates of elastic and plastic lines from information obtained in standard tensile tests. It also discusses high-cycle, low-cycle, and ultra-high cycle fatigue and presents several models that are useful for fatigue life predictions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... in composite materials may arise from static-, dynamic-, impact-, or fatigue-loading situations and also by temperature changes or thermal cycles. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the various methods for the microcrack analysis of composite materials, namely bright-field analysis, polarized...
Abstract
The formation of microcracks in composite materials may arise from static-, dynamic-, impact-, or fatigue-loading situations and also by temperature changes or thermal cycles. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the various methods for the microcrack analysis of composite materials, namely bright-field analysis, polarized-light analysis, contrast dyes analysis, and dark-field analysis. The analysis of microcracked composites using epi-fluorescence is also covered. In addition, the chapter describes the procedures for the determination and recording of microcracks in composite materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... plastic strain. Low-cycle fatigue tests are identified by the relatively small number of cycles or reversals to failure and the large degree of plastic strain. An important concern in the testing of polymers is that the attributes of the fatigue test are crucial to the relative ranking of fatigue...
Abstract
This article reviews fatigue test methodologies, provides an overview of general fatigue behavior (crack initiation and propagation) in engineering plastics, and discusses some of the factors affecting the fatigue performance of polymers. In addition, it provides information on fractography that provides useful insight into the nature of fracture processes.
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