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Damaged low-pressure turbine disc. Arrow indicates the locking plates regio...
Available to Purchase
in Failure of an LP Turbine Disc in an Aircraft Engine
> Failure Analysis of Engineering Structures: Methodology and Case Histories
Published: 01 October 2005
Fig. CH44.8 Damaged low-pressure turbine disc. Arrow indicates the locking plates region that suffered practically no damage.
More
Book Chapter
Failure of an LP Turbine Disc in an Aircraft Engine
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... to the shearing of the screws that hold it in place. They also provided recommendations to remediate the problem. locking screws low pressure turbine discs macrostructural evaluation SEM fractography visual examination Summary During cyclic spin tests on an LP turbine disc of an aircraft engine...
Abstract
During cyclic spin tests, the turbine disc in an aircraft engine broke apart with a loud noise, followed by a fire. Based on a detailed examination and the results of SEM fractography and hardness measurements, failure analysts concluded that a locking plate became dislodged due to the shearing of the screws that hold it in place. They also provided recommendations to remediate the problem.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... engine. Typical locations for abradable application include the fan, low pressure compressor, and high pressure compressor sections. Figure 1 Cutaway view of a PW2000 engine. The yellow highlights are typical locations for abradable coatings. Photo courtesy of Pratt & Whitney, www.pw.utc.com...
Abstract
Abradable coatings (such as Ni-4Cr-4Al/bentonite) are used throughout jet engines, primarily as sacrificial coatings into which moving components wear. This article presents the Accepted Practice for sample preparation of abradable coatings for metallographic analysis, based on round robin testing by several laboratories.
Book Chapter
Summary Table of Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... qualification costs exceeded the technical benefit. Ti-6Al-2.75Sn-4Zr-0.4Mo-0.45Si, UNS: none, TiMetal 1100 and Ti-1100 Ti-1100 was developed for high temperature use up to 600 °C (1100 °F). High-pressure compressor discs, low-pressure turbine blades, automotive valves Ti-2.5Cu, UNS: none, IMI 230 IMI...
Abstract
This appendix contains several tables listing UNS numbers, common names, and descriptions of important titanium alloys and where they are typically used.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.9781627083010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
Book Chapter
Selected Superalloy Compositions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
.... and Smith J.S. , Inconel Alloy 783: An Oxidation-Resistant, Low Expansion Superalloy for Gas Turbine Applications , J. Eng. Gas Turbines Power , Vol 120 ( No. 2 ), 1998 , p 363 10.1115/1.2818131 10. Heck K.A. , Smith D.F. , Holderby M.A. , and Smith J.S. , Three-Phase...
Abstract
This appendix provides composition data and application-related information on a wide range of superalloys in both wrought and cast form.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... and radial turbine that could produce 11 hp at a turbine inlet temperature of approximately 400 °C (750 °F) ( Ref 3 ). This comparatively low temperature permitted the use of austenitic stainless steels as structural materials, which had been discovered in the 1910s and quickly became the first choice...
Abstract
Superalloys, although not strictly defined, are generally regarded as high-performance alloys based on group VIII elements (nickel, cobalt, or iron, with a high percentage of nickel) to which a multiplicity of alloying elements have been added. The defining feature of a superalloy is its combination of relatively high mechanical strength and surface stability at high operating temperatures. This chapter provides a brief history of the development of superalloys and discusses their use in the gas turbine engines.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.9781627084284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
Book Chapter
Applications of Iron and Steel Castings and the Impact of Electric Vehicles
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... with or without corrosion include oil and chemical industries, thermal and gas turbine power plants, jet engines, and oil and natural gas industries. These applications require high-alloy steels. Low-temperature and cryogenic applications also need high alloying to maintain strength and impact strength...
Abstract
Iron and steel have been the most useful materials to meet the needs of several industries for many decades. Each iron and steel alloy offers unique attributes that make them the best choice for an application. This chapter provides an overview of each ferrous alloy—gray iron, malleable iron, compacted graphite iron (CGI), ductile iron, austempered ductile iron (ADI), and carbon steel and low-alloy steel; its versatile attributes; and its individual applications. A large section of the chapter covers the impact of electric vehicles on the future of the iron and steel castings industry, including discussion on electric vehicle categories and weights; impact of center of gravity on stability and steering; lightweighting incentives; and engineering for improved suspension.
Book Chapter
Failures Come in All Shapes and Sizes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.horfi.t51180029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-256-3
... Shuttle main engine Assembly of these turbopumps is a very well-designed and controlled engineering feat, but errors can occur. The high-pressure fuel turbopump has two turbine discs that are assembled back to back with fasteners. It is a critical assembly and the design engineers decided...
Abstract
Many companies conduct only metallurgical evaluations in the wake of failures, discovering nothing more than the physical mechanism by which the failure occurred. The origin of failures, however, is often complex, involving not only physical mechanisms, but also human behavior and latent factors. Failures may also involve multiple parts, entire machines, or processes of any size and shape. The chapter examines the unique aspects of many failures and explains how they can sometimes be traced to systemic issues. It also covers the reasons why products fail, including improper service or operation, improper maintenance, improper testing, assembly errors, fabrication or manufacturing errors, and design errors. The case of the Tacoma Narrows Bridge collapse is presented to illustrate the consequence of overlooked factors, in this case, wind dynamics, and the importance of identifying root causes to prevent repeat failures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.9781627083324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
Book Chapter
Case Studies of Induction Heating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
.... Various materials can be used for the contact carrier, for example, brass, copper, and steel. Figure 11.33 shows some angled shapes that can be easily inductively soldered. Fig. 11.33 Double-angled 63A contact pieces (discs) In the following example, silver contact plates were brazed onto...
Abstract
This chapter explores case studies on using induction heating for joining applications, encompassing both soldering and brazing to demonstrate versatility. Each study focuses on inductor coil design, workpiece geometry, and production quantities, emphasizing optimization due to the interplay between material geometry, coil configuration, and process parameters like generator frequency and power. The case studies provide real-world data on effectively implementing induction heating in joining processes.
Book Chapter
Engineering of Gray Iron Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
.... 7.7 c, d, and e) causes low pressure areas that tend to aspirate air. The gating system of ferrous alloys is essentially a pressurized system with the sprue area > the runner area > the gate areas. The pressurized system helps to reduce low-pressure pockets and compensates for the loss...
Abstract
This chapter covers mechanical properties, microstructures, chemical compositions, manufacturing processes, and engineering of gating practices for several applications of gray, white, and alloyed cast irons. It begins with a description of material standards, followed by a section providing information on the practice of stress relieving. Next, the chapter details various ways of eliminating slag entrainment while designing gating and venting systems. Several factors related to the establishment of the optimum pouring rate and time are then covered. Further, the chapter discusses the technology of unalloyed or low-alloyed gray iron castings and white iron and high-alloyed cast irons. Finally, it describes the casting defects that are associated with cast iron and the processes involved in solving these defects. The article includes a number of figures illustrating the topics discussed.
Book Chapter
Macrostructure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... by Etching All quality evaluations should begin on the macroscale using tests designed to survey the overall field in a simple and reliable manner. After the macrostructure of a material has been evaluated, specific features can then be examined microscopically. Abnormalities observed on the etch disc...
Abstract
This chapter describes several macroscopic examination techniques, including macroetching, contact printing, fracturing, and lead exudation. It explains how each method is implemented, why it is used, and what it reveals about manufacturing processes, defects, imperfections, and failure mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Selection of Titanium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
.... Titanium usage may increase for advanced gas turbines, but there are not that many new turbines in the works, and there is a tendency to look for “low-cost” materials/components for newer designs. Airframes represent a large-volume application for titanium, and titanium usage for airframes increased...
Abstract
Titanium is a lightweight metal with a density approximately 60% that of steel and, through alloying and deformation processing, it can be just as strong. It is readily available in many grades and forms and can be further processed using standard methods and techniques. This chapter provides a concise review of the capabilities of titanium and its design advantages over other materials. It includes information on properties and selection factors as well as applications.
Book Chapter
Corrosion and Protection of Superalloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... is either Cr 2 O 3 or Al 2 O 3 , depending on the chemistry of the alloy. (Refer to Fig. 13.1 and see also “ Gas Turbine Materials ” in the section “ Degradation by Gaseous Oxidation or Mixed Gases .”) Fig. 13.1 Schematic diagram illustrating oxide scale development on nickel-chromium-aluminum...
Abstract
Superalloys tend to operate in environments where they are subjected to high-temperature corrosion, oxidation, and the erosive effects of hot gases. This chapter discusses the nature of these attacks and the effectiveness of various protection methods. It describes the primary forms of oxidation, the development of protective oxides, and the conditions associated with mixed gas corrosion and hot corrosion attack. It discusses oxidation and corrosion testing, the equipment used, and various ways to present the associated data. It describes the effect of gaseous oxidation on different alloys, discusses the formation of oxide scale in the presence of mixed gases, and explains how alloy composition contributes to oxide growth. The chapter discusses the underlying chemistry of hot corrosion, how to identify its effects, and how it progresses under various conditions. It also discusses protective coatings, including aluminide diffusion, overlay, and thermal barrier types, and how they perform in different environments based on their ability to tolerate strain.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
...] Stewart D. , “ ISOCON Manufacturing of Waspaloy Turbine Discs...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes of isothermal and hot-die forging and their use in producing aerospace components. It explains how isothermal forging was developed to provide a near-net shape component geometry and well-controlled microstructures and properties with accurate control of the working temperature and strain rate. It describes the materials typically used as well as equipment and tooling, die heating procedures, part separation techniques, and postforging heat treatment.
Book Chapter
Role of Powder Metallurgy Industries in Various Sectors―Part 1
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... extremely high temperatures and lengthy sintering times for homogeneity, using prealloyed granules may directly reduce production time ( Ref 14.43 ). Pratt & Whitney Aircrafts created a procedure to fabricate and produce gas turbine discs using PM—undoubtedly one of the most significant innovations...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of powder metallurgy on the design and production of nuclear energy reactors, wind turbines, biomedical devices, and gas turbine engines.
Book Chapter
Forming and Shaping
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
.... Aluminum may be cast into sand or iron molds. Low-melting-point metals (aluminum, magnesium, and zinc) may be die cast. In die casting, metal is forced into a metal mold that automatically opens and ejects the part as soon as it is frozen. The production rate is high but so are capital costs. In recent...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes, applications, and limitations of forming and shaping various materials. It discusses bulk forming, hot working, cold working, sheet forming, and polymer and powder processing.
Book Chapter
Erosion, Cavitation, Impingement, and Fretting Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... that are moving much more slowly. Almost all the work done on this subject has been in connection with just two major problems: “moisture erosion” of low-pressure steam turbine blades operating with wet steam, and “rain erosion” of aircraft or missile surfaces and helicopter rotors. Wet steam erosion-corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter explains how mechanical processes, including erosion, cavitation, impingement, and fretting, contribute to the effects of corrosion in aluminum alloys. It describes the two main types of erosion-corrosion and the factors involved in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion along with testing and prevention methods. It also provides information on fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue.
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