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low carbon steel
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter discusses various alloying and processing approaches to increase the strength of low-carbon steels. It describes hot-rolled low-carbon steels, cold-rolled and annealed low-carbon steels, interstitial-free or ultra-low carbon steels, high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, dual-phase...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various alloying and processing approaches to increase the strength of low-carbon steels. It describes hot-rolled low-carbon steels, cold-rolled and annealed low-carbon steels, interstitial-free or ultra-low carbon steels, high-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels, dual-phase (DP) steels, transformation-induced plasticity (TRIP) steels, and martensitic low-carbon steels. It also discusses twinning-induced plasticity (TWIP) steels along with quenched and partitioned (Q&P) steels.
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in Annealing, Normalizing, Martempering, and Austempering
> Principles of the Heat Treatment of Plain Carbon and Low Alloy Steels
Published: 01 December 1996
Fig. 7-5 Microstructure of cold worked and annealed low carbon steel. A low-carbon sheet steel in the (a) as-cold rolled unannealed condition, (b) partially recrystallized annealed condition, and (c) fully recrystallized annealed condition. Marshall's etch. 1000 x (Adapted from B.L. Bramfitt
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in Deformation, Strengthening, and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures
> Steels<subtitle>Processing, Structure, and Performance</subtitle>
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 11.13 Low-strain portions of stress-strain curves of a low-carbon steel tested at various temperatures as shown. Source: Ref 11.6
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Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 12.28 (Part 1) Carbonitriding of a low-carbon steel. 0.15% C (0.17C-0.05Si-0.64Mn, wt%). Carbonitrided for 12 h at 520 °C in a 80%NH 3 -20%H 2 atmosphere. Cooled in air. The specimen was nickel plated before sectioning. (a) Comparatively light etch. 2% nital. 100×. (b) Medium
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Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 12.28 (Part 2) Carbonitriding of a low-carbon steel. 0.15% C (0.17C-0.05Si-0.64Mn, wt%). Carbonitrided for 12 h at 520 °C in a 80%NH 3 -20%H 2 atmosphere. Cooled in air. The specimen was nickel plated before sectioning. (a) Comparatively light etch. 2% nital. 100×. (d) Medium
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Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 12.29 (Part 1) Carbonitriding of a low-carbon steel. 0.15% C (0.17C-0.05Si-0.64Mn, wt%). Carbonitrided for 12 h at 500 °C in a 80%NH 3 -20%H 2 atmosphere. The specimen was nickel plated before sectioning. (a) Picral. 1000×. (b) Picral-hydrochloric acid. 1000×. (c) Copper-sulfate
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 4-19 Example of the use of crossed-polarized light on etched low-carbon steel containing lath martensite. Sample etched with 2% nital and viewed with ( a ) bright-field illumination and ( b ) polarized-light illumination, 100×. (Courtesy of A. O. Benscoter, Bethlehem Steel Corp.)
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Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 6-11 Example of a well-dispersed duplex grain structure in a low-carbon steel (150 ×, etched with nital, Marshall’s reagent, and nital). (Courtesy of A. O. Benscoter, Bethlehem Steel Corp.)
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in Solidification, Segregation, and Nonmetallic Inclusions
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 8.17 Dendrite in low-carbon steel. SEM, SE, no etching. Courtesy of ArcelorMittal Tubarão, Brazil.
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in Conventional Heat Treatments—Usual Constituents and Their Formation
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 9.76 Flowchart for the classification of constituents in low-carbon steel. The constituents are defined according to Table 9.4 . Source: Adapted from Ref 72
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in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.22 Low carbon steel overheated in the austenitic single-phase field. Ferrite in an incomplete network and acicular ferrite. The incomplete ferrite network makes it possible to estimate the austenitic grain size prior to cooling (≅ 290 μm). This indicates the possibility of overheating
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in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.83 Cross section, close to the surface of a low carbon steel bar pack carburized. Observe the increase in the carbon content and austenitic grain size at the surface (left), which resulted in the formation of acicular constituents during cooling. Etchant: nital.
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in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.84 Cross section, close to the surface of a low carbon steel bar pack carburized after normalizing and tempering (from 770 °C, or 1420 °F). The carburized region, on the left, is martensitic. Etchant: nital.
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in Hot Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 11.1 Changes in the yield stress of a low carbon steel (LC) and an interstitial free (IF) steel. The region corresponding to the phase transformation is indicated. Source: Ref 1
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.4 Macrograph of the longitudinal section of a low carbon steel bar presenting Lüders bands. Etchant: Fry.
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.11 Low carbon steel sheet C = 0.06%, Mn = 0.55%, after cold working, in the work hardened state, prior to annealing. Very elongated grains of ferrite and cementite. Hardness: 95 HRB.
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.15 The effect of annealing time and temperature on a low carbon steel hardness (C = 0.03%, Mn = 0.19%, Al = 0.13%) cold worked 84%, via cold rolling. For temperatures under 500 °C (930 °F), hardness is essentially independent from the structural changes for a long treatment time
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.16 (Part 1) The evolution of the microstructure of an extra low carbon steel (C = 0.011%, Mn = 0.193%) cold worked (90% reduction), annealed at different temperatures: (a) 540 °C (1000 °F), (b) 560 °C (1040 °F), (c) 580 °C (1075 °F), (d) 600 °C (1110 °F). (Remark: the α–γ
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.16 (Part 2) The evolution of the microstructure of an extra low carbon steel (C = 0.011%, Mn = 0.193%) cold worked (90% reduction), annealed at different temperatures: (e) 680 °C (1255 °F), (f) 720 °C (1330 °F), (g) 760 °C (1400 °F). (h) The evolution of the ferritic grain size
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in Mechanical Work of Steels—Cold Working
> Metallography of Steels<subtitle>Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 12.22 EBSD orientation map (OIM) of the extra low carbon steel in Fig. 12.16 , annealed at 760 °C (1400 °F). (a) Orientation map, reproduced in grayscale. The dark lines are high-angle grain boundaries. One can generate individual maps for each orientation (or color). (b) {111}<uvw
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