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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... processes involved in sheet-forming techniques, namely stretch forming and deep drawing. In addition, it provides information on some of the factors pertinent to cold-heading and hot forming of stainless long products. deformation strain hardening anisotropy sheet forming stainless steel long...
Abstract
The various types of stainless steel have very different deformation characteristics in terms of strain hardening and anisotropy. It is important to understand and exploit these characteristics to optimize forming of stainless steels. This chapter discusses the various deformation processes involved in sheet-forming techniques, namely stretch forming and deep drawing. In addition, it provides information on some of the factors pertinent to cold-heading and hot forming of stainless long products.
Image
Published: 01 May 2018
FIG. 13.3 Nucor’s minimill in Darlington, South Carolina, had initial capacity of 200,000 tons/year and originally produced long products. Circa 1969. Source: www.nucor.com
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... minimills near its assembly plants in Norfolk and Jewett, Texas. Most of the minimills were located in small towns in rural areas. FIG. 13.3 Nucor’s minimill in Darlington, South Carolina, had initial capacity of 200,000 tons/year and originally produced long products. Circa 1969. Source...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the rise of steel minimills in the late 1960s through the leadership of F. Kenneth Iverson and Gerald Heffernan. The discussion covers the development of processes for flat products, flanged beams, and railroad rails. The chapter also covers the growth of the minimill industry along with the consolidation of the industry into large corporations. The chapter ends by providing information on novel processes developed for making iron.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., and slabs are transported from the steelmaking plant to the rolling mills. Steel products are classified into two basic types according to their shape: flat products and long products. Slabs are used to roll flat products, while blooms and billets are mostly used to roll long products. Billets are smaller...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various processes involved in the production of steel from raw materials to finished mill products. The processes include hot rolling, cold rolling, forging, extruding, or drawing. The chapter provides a detailed description of two main furnaces used for making steel: the electric arc furnace and the basic oxygen furnace. It also provides information on the classification and specifications for various steels, namely, plain carbon steels, low-carbon steels, medium-carbon plain carbon steels, and high-carbon plain carbon steels. The chapter concludes with a general overview of the factors influencing corrosion in iron and steel and a brief discussion of corrosion-resistant coatings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Abstract This chapter discusses the processes, procedures, and equipment used in the production of iron, steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It describes the design and operation of melting and refining furnaces, including blast furnaces, basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, vacuum...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes, procedures, and equipment used in the production of iron, steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It describes the design and operation of melting and refining furnaces, including blast furnaces, basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, vacuum induction melting furnaces, and electroslag and vacuum arc remelting furnaces. It also covers casting, rolling, and annealing procedures and describes the basic steps in aluminum and titanium production.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of closed-loop (zero discharge) processes in the pulp and paper industry, have increased the demand for stainless steels. The manufacturers of stainless steels have tended to specialize as either flat-product producers or long-product producers. Flat products include plate, sheet, strip, and foil...
Abstract
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are recognized for their resistance to general corrosion and other categories of corrosion. This chapter examines the effects of specific alloying elements, metallurgical structure, and mechanical conditioning on the corrosion resistance of these alloys. Some categories of corrosion covered are pitting, crevice, intergranular, stress-corrosion cracking, general, and high-temperature corrosion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Abstract Transistors are the most important active structure of any semiconductor component. Performance characteristics of such devices within the specifications are key to ensuring proper functionality and long-term reliability of the product. In this article, a summary of the semiconductor...
Abstract
Transistors are the most important active structure of any semiconductor component. Performance characteristics of such devices within the specifications are key to ensuring proper functionality and long-term reliability of the product. In this article, a summary of the semiconductor technology from design to manufacturing and the characterization methods are discussed. The focus is on two prominent MOS structures: planar MOS device and FinFET device. The article covers the device parameters and device properties that determine the design criteria and the device tuning procedures. The discussion includes the effects of drain induced barrier lowering, velocity saturation, hot carrier degradation, and short channel on these devices.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... Abstract Tool steels are the ferrous alloys used to manufacture tools, dies, and molds that shape, form, and cut other materials, including steels, nonferrous metals, and plastics. This chapter explores the considerations that make tool steels a very special class of steels, the long historical...
Abstract
Tool steels are the ferrous alloys used to manufacture tools, dies, and molds that shape, form, and cut other materials, including steels, nonferrous metals, and plastics. This chapter explores the considerations that make tool steels a very special class of steels, the long historical evolution of iron and steel manufacture, including steels for tools, and the development of tool steels as they emerged from the general class of iron and steel products.
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
by puddling. Although this material has not been produced for a long time, the image is of historical value to compare with modern products.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2006
Fig. 5.3 Modern integrated fully automatic 5000 kN extrusion plant for the production of bar, wire, tube, and sections in lead and tin alloys complete with casting oven, triple billet casting plant, hot-billet shear, and oil hydraulic long-stroke extrusion press (Source: Collin)
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... are very durable and may be stored for a relatively long time before pouring. This molding process is used for larger castings and mold size is limited to the size of ovens used to dry the molds. Due to the long drying cycle, the poor productivity of the process limits its use. Some advantages of skin...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the following conventional molding processes for static casting: green sand molding, dry sand molding, vacuum molding, and expendable pattern casting. It also discusses core and mold processes for steel castings. The chapter provides an overview of sand molds for large steel castings and a special sand molding process. It describes the following precision processes for static casting: investment casting, ceramic molding, and centrifugal casting.
Image
Published: 01 January 2000
Fig. 20 End-grain attack (corrosion) or wrought stainless steel products. (a) Schematic of a stainless steel plate showing long lines of inclusions and stringers. (b) Elongation of holes in stainless steel plate at exposed end grain. In this particular case, the corrodent attacked the exposed
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Image
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 5 Complete isothermal transformation diagram for 0.80% carbon steel. All of the transformation products are named. Bainite transformation takes place isothermally between 275 and about 525 °C (530 and about 975 °F). If austenite is rapidly cooled from above A 1 past the nose of the curve
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... and hand mills and replaced it with automated or continuous operations with substantially greater throughput and efficiency. The initial breakdown practice for tool steel ingots, to some degree, depends on the final product. For long products (billet, bar, or rod coil), the process would usually...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the more typical manufacturing practices, along with their benefits and limitations. The manufacturing practices covered include primary melting, electroslag remelting, rolling, hot and cold drawing, and continuous casting. The chapter discusses the advance and application of powder metallurgy. A few of the more recently introduced processes that hold considerable promise for producing tool steels or finished tools at a lower cost or with improved quality also are reviewed.
Image
Published: 01 August 2015
Fig. 5.12 Complete isothermal transformation diagram for 0.80% carbon steel. All of the transformation products are named. Bainite transformation takes place isothermally between 275 °C and about 525 °C (530 °F and about 975 °F). If austenite is rapidly cooled from above A 1 past the nose
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... be used to prototype components designed for other processes; the RTM component will typically have properties that exceed those of the production-level product. When prototyping with RTM, less reactive resins are generally used, allowing long fill times and easier control of the vents. Tooling...
Abstract
This article describes key processing methods and related design, manufacturing, and application considerations for plastic parts and includes a discussion on materials and process selection methodology for plastics. The discussion covers the primary plastic processing methods and how each process influences part design and the properties of the plastic part. It also includes a brief description of functional requirements in process selection; an overview of various process effects and how they affect the functions and properties of the part; and the selection of processes for size, shape, and design detail factors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... was not completely eliminated from the rolled product). No etching. (b) Cross section of a structural profile rolled from iron obtained by puddling. Although this material has not been produced for a long time, the image is of historical value to compare with modern products. Fig. 11.18 Transverse cross...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of hot working on the structure and properties of steel. It explains how working steels at high temperatures promotes diffusion, which helps close cavities and pores, and how it changes the shape and distribution of segregates, offsetting their effect. It describes the effect of hot working on nonmetallic inclusions and the many properties influenced by them. It discusses the recrystallization mechanism by which hot working produces microstructural changes and explains how to control it by adjusting temperature, degree of reduction, and cooling rates. It describes special cases of segregation, including banding and why it occurs, and the application of closed die forging. The chapter also presents several examples of hot working defects, including forging laps, cracks, and overheated or burned steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... molding. Hollow bodies rely on slip casting, and long sheets rely on tape casting. For limited production of larger shapes, the slurry casting route is best. Finally, squat geometries without undercuts are best formed using die compaction. Additive manufacturing excels in forming most of these geometries...
Abstract
This chapter provides an introduction to powder processing of binders and polymers. It sets the context for the remainder of the book by providing an overview of the topics discussed in the subsequent chapters and by providing introduction to powder-binder fabrication and customization of feedstock and describing the challenges in component production. The chapter also summarizes alphabetically a few key concepts in powder-binder processing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... casting. Figure 2.2 schematically compares ingot casting to continuous casting and shows the great efficiencies that are accomplished by the use of the latter ( Ref 2.19 ). Slabs for subsequent rolling to flat-rolled sheet and plate products, and blooms and billets for subsequent rolling to long...
Abstract
This chapter traces the history of steelmaking over three millennia, from the discovery of martensite in a mining tool dating from the twelfth century B.C. to the nineteenth century development of the Bessemer and Siemens processes. It also describes the work of early metallographers who discovered many phases and microstructures associated with steel and gave them their now familiar names. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the emergence of continuous casting and the subsequent development of strip casting production techniques.
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... Abstract At the conclusion of a systems failure analysis, the people involved should have a much more in-depth understanding of how the system is supposed to work. The analysis should help understand shortfalls in the design, production, testing, and use of the system. The failure analysis team...
Abstract
At the conclusion of a systems failure analysis, the people involved should have a much more in-depth understanding of how the system is supposed to work. The analysis should help understand shortfalls in the design, production, testing, and use of the system. The failure analysis team will have identified other potential failure causes and actions required to preclude future failures. This is valuable knowledge, and it should not be set aside or ignored when the failure analysis team concludes its activities. This chapter is a brief account of the creation of failure analysis libraries, of process guidelines based on previous failure analyses, and of troubleshooting and repair guidelines. Also provided is a listing of the various steps that should be included in a failure analysis procedure.