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liquefied natural gas vessels
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... vessels, and refinery equipment. oil country tubular goods line pipe offshore platforms liquefied natural gas vessels refinery equipment stainless steel corrosion prevention Summary THE PETROLEUM INDUSTRY has had to deal with increasingly hostile environments in its search for new...
Abstract
This chapter discusses various factors pertinent to the prevention of corrosion in alloys for petroleum applications and reviews the selection of stainless steels for petroleum applications, including oil country tubular goods, line pipe, offshore platforms, liquefied natural gas vessels, and refinery equipment.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
... with four axes of motion. The axes of motion are spindle rotation, horizontal carriage, radial motion, and rotating eye. Full automation was developed to make this winder highly efficient. Parts could be wound 24 hours a day, 7 days a week, and 365 days a year. The propane (liquefied petroleum gas...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the development of filament winding systems and the automated processes used in state-of-the-art filament winding facilities. It first provides a description on the early stages of modern filament winding, followed by brief information on the advances of filament winding in the computer age. Then, the chapter discusses the requirements for filament winding in manufacturing oil and gas industry components and in high-volume production of sporting goods, propane tanks, and curing ovens. The chapter concludes with examples of the versatility of filament winding in producing complex parts.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860371
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... , Pittsburgh . Aluminum Standards and Data ( 1981 ). Aluminum Association , Washington, D.C. Argy G. , Paris P. C. , and Shaw F. ( 1975 ). Fatigue crack growth and fracture toughness of 5083-O aluminum alloy . In Properties of Materials for Liquefied Natural Gas Tankage . ASTM...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the structural alloys being used for cryogenic applications in commercially significant quantities. It emphasizes the practical considerations involved in the material selection process and provides the information necessary to make preliminary selections of alloys most suitable for the intended cryogenic application. The chapter provides general information on a class or group of alloys, their representative mechanical and physical properties, and their fabrication characteristics. The materials covered are austenitic stainless steels, nickel steels, aluminum alloys, and other metals and alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030292
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., including liquefied-propane storage, ammonia storage, solvent dewaxing units, and liquefied petroleum gas processing. It is possible, by specifying certain additional composition and metallurgical processing requirements, to obtain carbon and low-alloy steels that are suitable for temperatures as low as -45...
Abstract
This chapter presents the primary considerations and mechanisms for corrosion and how they are involved in the selection of materials for process equipment in petroleum refineries and petrochemical plants. In addition, specific information on mechanical properties, corrosion, sulfide stress cracking, hydrogen-induced cracking, stress-oriented hydrogen-induced cracking, hydrogen embrittlement cracking, stress-corrosion cracking, velocity-accelerated corrosion, erosion-corrosion, and corrosion control is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of the 4694 warships suffered brittle fracture or structure failure at the welded steel joints. Selection of increased toughness material Improved fabrication practices Development of fracture mechanics Liquefied natural gas (LNG) storage tank 1944 Failure and explosion of an LNG pressure vessel due...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.9781627083386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... of oxygen (m + mo) Diffusivity of metal (m + mo) Emissivity (m + mo) Composition of metal (m) Oxidation rate laws for metal (m) Dissociation pressure of oxide (mo) Physical state of oxidizer Temperature Pressure Concentration of oxygen Concentration of diluent Nature of diluent Gas...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the compatibility problems that arise from chemical or physical interactions between liquefied gases and the common materials used in their production, storage, transportation, distribution, and use. The discussion covers the compatibility of materials with liquid oxygen and liquid fluorine. Hydrogen-environment embrittlement is unique to low-temperature hydrogen systems and is also discussed.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
...Potential problems for pressure-vessel shells (<xref ref-type="bibr" rid="t60490329-ref3">Ref 3</xref>) Table 7.1. Potential problems for pressure-vessel shells ( Ref 3 ) Microstructure and phase stability Strength Toughness Hydrogen attack Temper embrittlement (shutdown...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in hydroprocessing reactor vessels and the methods used to assess lifetime and performance. It begins with a review of the materials used in the construction of pressure-vessel shells, the challenges they face, and the factors that determine shell integrity. The discussion addresses key properties and design parameters including allowable stress, fracture toughness, the effect of microstructure and composition on embrittlement, high-temperature creep, and subcritical crack growth. The chapter also provides information on the factors that affect cladding integrity and ends with a section on life-assessment techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
..., such as zinc or lead for example, temperatures may only need to reach as high as 400 °C. Fuel sources such as propane or natural gas are usually used to achieve these low temperatures. For high-melting-point alloys such as steel or nickel-base alloys, the furnace may be designed to achieve temperatures well...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in alloy production, including melting, casting, solidification, and fabrication. It discusses the effects of alloying on solidification, the formation of solidification structures, supercooling, nucleation, and grain growth. It describes the design and operation of melting furnaces as well as melting practices and the role of fluxing. It also discusses casting methods, nonferrous casting alloys, and atomization processes used to make metal powders.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Bimetal strip Glass-to-metal seals Thermostatic strip Vessels and piping for storage and transportation of liquefied natural gas Superconducting systems in power transmissions Integrated-circuit lead frames Components for radios and other electronic devices Structural components...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of low-expansion alloys such as iron-nickel (Invar), iron-nickel-chromium (Elinvar), and iron-nickel-cobalt (Super-Invar and Kovar). It explains how the coefficient of thermal expansion varies with nickel content and how it can be tailored, along with other properties, through appropriate alloying adjustments. The article also discusses the effect of alloying on Incoloy and Pyromet, which are classified as high-strength, controlled-expansion alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
.... Historically, many of the commercial cobalt-base alloys are derived from the Co-Cr-W and Co-Cr-Mo ternaries first investigated in the early twentieth century by Elwood Haynes. He discovered the high strength and stainless nature of binary cobalt-chromium alloys and first patented cobalt-chromium alloys in 1907...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.9781627083409
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... and consumer metal of great importance. Aluminum and its alloys are used for foil, beverage cans, cooking and food processing utensils, architectural and electrical applications, and structures for boats, aircraft, and other transportation vehicles. As a result of a naturally occurring tenacious surface oxide...
Abstract
This chapter provides basic engineering information on aluminum alloys with an emphasis on their use in applications where weight is a significant design factor. It discusses the advantages and limitations of various types of aluminum along with their compositions, designations, and achievable strengths. It explains how some alloys are hardened through solution strengthening and cold working, while others are strengthened by precipitation hardening. It also describes production and fabrication processes such as melting, casting, rolling, forging, forming, extruding, heat treating, and joining, and includes a section on the causes and effects of corrosion and how they are typically controlled.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... stress concentration weld defects welded joints FUSION WELDING is the joining of two or more pieces of material by melting a portion of each and allowing the liquefied portions to solidify together. One distinguishing feature of all fusion welding processes is the intensity of the heat source used...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
.... Aluminum is nonpyrophoric, which is important in applications involving inflammable or explosive materials handling or exposure. Aluminum is nontoxic and is routinely used in containers for food and beverages. Aluminum has an attractive appearance in its natural finish, which can be soft and lustrous...
Abstract
Aluminum is the second most widely used metal in the world. It is readily available, offers a wide range of properties, and can be shaped, coated, and joined using a variety of methods. This chapter discusses some of the key attributes of wrought and cast aluminum alloys and the classifications, designations, and grades of available product forms. It also explains how aluminum alloys are used in aerospace, automotive, rail, and marine applications as well as in building and construction, electrical products, manufacturing equipment, packaging, and consumer durables such as appliances and furniture.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... of Pb-Sn Eutectic Solder and Degradation of Thermal Contact Resistance , Proc. Symp., International Symposium on Microelectronics , 6 Oct ( Atlanta , GA ), p 322 – 328 • Dong C.C. , Schwarz A. , and Roth D.V. , 1977 . Effects of Atmosphere Composition on Soldering...
Abstract
Materials used in joining, whether solders, fluxes, or atmospheres, are becoming increasingly subjected to restrictions on the grounds of health, safety, and pollution concerns. These regulations can limit the choice of materials and processes that are deemed acceptable for industrial use. The chapter addresses this issue with a focus on soldering fluxes. The chapter also describes factors related to soldering under a protective atmosphere, provides information on chemical fluxes for soldering of various metals, and discusses the processes involved in fluxless soldering processes.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860269
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... of brittle fracture and sometimes justify the use of fracture mechanics methods. In the following subsections, the potential uses of fracture mechanics in conventional structures are proposed and sophisticated applications of fracture mechanics to the design of liquefied-natural-gas (LNG) ships and aerospace...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the concepts of fracture mechanics and their application to materials evaluation and the design of cryogenic structures. Emphasis is placed on an explanation of technology, a review of fracture mechanics testing methods, and a discussion on the many factors contributing to the fracture behavior of materials at cryogenic temperatures. Three approaches of elastic-plastic fracture mechanics are covered, namely the crack opening displacement, the J-integral, and the R-curve methods. The chapter also discusses the influence of thermal and metallurgical effects on toughness at low temperatures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... all key industries, including the automotive, aerospace, railway, power generation, defense, chemical, agriculture, shipping, and construction industries; general manufacturing; and oil, coal, and gas extraction. Emphasis in this article has been placed on wrought carbon and alloy steels. Steels...
Abstract
This article discusses the role of alloying in the production and use of carbon and low-alloy steels. It explains how steels are defined and selected based on alloy content and provides composition and property data for a wide range of designations and grades. It describes the effect of alloying on structure and composition and explains how alloy content can be controlled to optimize properties and behaviors such as ductility, strength, toughness, fatigue and fracture resistance, and resistance to corrosion, wear, and high-temperature creep. It also examines the effect of alloying on processing characteristics such as hardenability, formability, weldability, machinability, and temper embrittlement. In addition, the article provides an extensive amount of engineering data with relevance in materials selection.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... in tension. (d) Symmetric double-edge crack loaded in tension. Source: Ref 9.12 Fig. 9.1 Brittle fracture of a welded World War II ship Fig. 9.2 Devastation caused by brittle fracture of liquid natural gas tank in Cleveland, Ohio, Oct 1944 Fig. 9.3 Catastrophic brittle...
Abstract
This chapter provides a quantitative treatment of the cracking mechanisms associated with fatigue, drawing on the principles of fracture mechanics. It explains that although fracture mechanics originated with the aim of understanding sudden and catastrophic crack extension, the main premise of a stress field in the vicinity of the crack also applies to the study of cycle-by-cycle stable crack growth. A detailed review is given of the many developments and discoveries that helped shape the theory and methods collectively defined as crack mechanics, which the authors then employ to analyze the crack growth behavior of various materials, including steels and nonferrous alloys, under constant-amplitude loading. The authors then deal with the effects of complex loading using crack retardation and crack closure models to show how load fluctuations can slow crack growth rates and even cause total crack arrest. They also present the results of a study on crack initiation, propagation, and fracture in circular (rather than rectangular) specimens and a fatigue study on ductile and quasi-brittle materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.9781627083485
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5