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lead-base soft solders
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
..., cadmium, and bismuth. The higher-activation-temperature fluxes are used with the tin-base, lead-base, and aluminum-zinc solders. The flux activation temperature must complement the solder alloy and its process temperature to prevent these circumstances from leading to solderability problems, including...
Abstract
This chapter presents the following groupings of metals and alloys that are soldered together: steel and iron-base alloys, aluminum and aluminum alloys, and copper and copper alloys. It also presents the ancillary materials and process methods that assist the solder filler metal in completing the solder joint through induction heating. The chapter focuses on the selection of fluxes and the use of inert gases or even vacuum to realize an oxide-free base material surface both before and during the soldering process.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170528
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... and the amounts and combinations in which they are found. lead alloys tin alloys tin-based bearing alloys tin-lead solders Composition Introduction and Overview Lead and tin are low melting point metals that are often alloyed together. For example, solders in the tin-lead system are the most...
Abstract
This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of lead and tin. It describes the various categories and grades of lead and lead-base alloys along with their nominal compositions and corresponding UNS numbers. It also discusses the composition and properties of lead used in battery grids, type metals, and bearings. It, likewise, discusses the use of tin in various types of solder and in bearings and provides composition and property data for application-specific designations and grades. The article also discusses the effect of impurities in tin-lead solders and the amounts and combinations in which they are found.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t6244000x
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... production. Silver extraction from ores involved cupellation of lead, and the base metal was then recovered from the litharge [ Tylecote 1976 ]. The softness and malleability of lead were clearly recognized, and there exist examples of lead being used as a setting agent to fix posts in the ground and lock...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.9781627084833
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... to the sweet taste of lead-base paint chips; therefore, lead should be removed from homes/structures to avoid ingestion by humans, particularly young children. The most important applications of lead and lead alloys are lead acid storage batteries, solders, cable sheathing, and building construction...
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... publications [e.g., Klein Wassink 1989, Manko 2002, Schwartz 2003 ] as well as suppliers’ data sheets and manuals. All solder alloys are based on combinations of two or more constituents, chosen from nine common elements, namely antimony, bismuth, cadmium, gold, indium, lead, silver, tin, and zinc...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview and survey of solder alloy systems. Extensive reference is made to phase diagrams and their interpretation. The chapter describes the effect of metallic impurities on different solders. The chapter concludes with a review of the key characteristics of eutectic alloys and of the factors most effective at depressing the melting point of solders by eutectic alloying.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... of Soldering and Brazing went to press. Even the “hot topic” of the 1990s—lead-free solders—is based on alloys that were known and largely characterized previously. Soldering is a relatively mature technology, so that while there has been progress and many undoubted improvements made in recent years...
Abstract
This chapter presents several materials and processes related to soldering technology. It first provides information on lead-free solders, followed by sections devoted to flip-chip processes, diffusion soldering, and modeling. Scanning acoustic microscopy and fine-focus x-ray techniques are also discussed. The chapter describes several evaluation procedures and tests developed to measure solderability and standards for process calibration. The chapter also describes the characteristics of reinforced solders, amalgams used as solders, and other strategies to boost the strength of solders. Further, the chapter considers methods for quantifying the mechanical integrity of joints and predicting their dimensional stability under specified environmental conditions. It discusses the effects of rare earth elements on the properties of solders. The chapter concludes with information on advanced joint characterization techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... than that of tin-lead solder. Bismuth is one of the few metals to increase in volume upon solidification. It is diamagnetic (slightly repelled by magnetic fields) and has a low capture cross section for thermal neutrons. Low-melting-point alloys such as Bi-Cd-Sn-Pb-In alloy, which melts at 47 °C...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... on its surface. Wetting actually depends on a slight surface alloying of the base metal with the brazing filler metal. Lead, for example, does not alloy with iron and will not wet it. Tin, on the other hand, does form an alloy with iron, so a tin-lead solder will wet steel. Fig. 7.2 Principle...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... (RTV) (e) Molds accurately; flexible; useful for soft soldering to 315 °C (600 °F) Fired Lava (f) Easily machinable before firing; good heat resistance; less strength than Diamonite Nonmagnetic metals (g) Aluminum alloys Fixture base plates, worktables; useful for soft soldering (does...
Abstract
This appendix provides practical information on induction coils and how they are made. It discusses soldering methods, preferred materials, design challenges, and best practices and procedures. It also discusses the design, construction, and application of magnetic flux concentrators and the growing use of computer simulation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... of steel components, joining and loosening of shrink-fit joints, and annealing of base materials before and after metalworking processes. Among the joining processes, induction heating is used to make longitudinal seam welds of tubes as well as provide the heat source for brazing and soldering...
Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion on the power supplies of modern induction heating plants. It describes the mode of operation and functional principle of an inverter. The chapter also provides a short note on generator cooling, which is required for the components of the induction power supply. It then presents an overview of induction heating systems.
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... is almost invariably a lead-tin (or lead-free tin-base) alloy. Because electronic components tend to be manufactured and stored under reasonably cool, clean, and dry conditions, they are likely to have only a thin layer of copper oxide as a barrier to wetting. This, coupled with the fact that soldering...
Abstract
Materials used in joining, whether solders, fluxes, or atmospheres, are becoming increasingly subjected to restrictions on the grounds of health, safety, and pollution concerns. These regulations can limit the choice of materials and processes that are deemed acceptable for industrial use. The chapter addresses this issue with a focus on soldering fluxes. The chapter also describes factors related to soldering under a protective atmosphere, provides information on chemical fluxes for soldering of various metals, and discusses the processes involved in fluxless soldering processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... during cooling. High-temperature brazing fillers can be produced from alloys containing silver and other precious metals with nickel and copper, while low-temperature solder alloys are made from lead, tin, silver, indium, antimony, cadmium, and zinc. Formability Good formability requires...
Abstract
This article discusses the general purpose of alloying and identifies some of the material properties and behaviors that can be improved by adding various elements to the base metal. It explains how alloying can make metals stronger and more resistant to corrosion and wear as well as easier to cast, weld, form, and machine. It also discusses some of the alloying techniques that have been developed to address problems stemming from dissimilarities between the base metal and alloying or inoculate material.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.9781627083522
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... are single phase, up to about 40% zinc; many alloys evolved for different applications. Lead is commonly added to brasses to aid machinability. It is not soluble in brass, so it tends to exist as nodules or spheres in the microstructure. Brasses are soft but have less ductility than pure copper. Cu...
Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... phase of Fe 3 P in a similar manner to the reaction of tin-base solders with iron and steels to form FeSn 2 . On the other hand, solid solutions form between silver-lead solders and copper just as they do between the common silver-base brazes and copper. Also, there exist brazes for aluminum that melt...
Abstract
Soldering and brazing represent one of several types of methods for joining solid materials. These methods may be classified as mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, soldering and brazing, welding, and solid-state joining. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of these joining methods. It presents a comparison between solders and brazes. Further details on pressure welding and diffusion bonding are also provided. Key parameters of soldering are discussed, including surface energy and surface tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials and intermetallic growth, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also examines the principal aspects related to the design and application of soldering processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... temperature. Heating times of less than 0.2 s are not unusual ( Ref 4.1 ). The induction coil must provide through-heating across the solder joint to achieve a uniform temperature that supports solder wetting and spreading through the joint clearance without overheating the base material. The power must...
Abstract
This chapter presents guidelines that should be considered when designing inductor coils. It provides a detailed description of typical inductor coil shapes, including outer and inner field inductors, single-turn and multi-turn inductors, pancake inductors, hairpin inductors, double-hairpin inductors, channel or slot inductors, fork inductors, spoon inductors, powerline inductors, magnetic field concentrators, multiple inductors, folding inductors, and shielding gas inductors. The chapter provides an overview of inductor tube dimensions and inductor coil positioning. It also describes the design and fabrication of inductor coils.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... Melting 1095 (2000) 3.3 0.81 0.47 0.26 1.2 0.039 0.018 Lead: Soft soldering 260 (500) 6.7 1.6 0.99 0.52 0.23 0.078 0.037 Melting 325 (620) 7.3 1.8 1.0 0.56 0.25 0.084 0.040 Steel: Stress relieving 540 (1000) 1.4 0.35 0.20 0.11 0.05...
Abstract
The detailed heating requirements for specific applications must be considered before construction and implementation of any induction heating process. These requirements may include considerations such as type of heating, throughput and heating time, workpiece material, peak temperature, and so forth. The major applications of induction technology include through heating, surface heating (for surface heat treatment), metal melting, welding, brazing, and soldering. This chapter summarizes the selection of equipment and related design considerations for these applications.
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... of Soft Solders Gold is widely used as the surface layer in metallization schemes because of its chemical inertness and ease of visual inspection. The change in the melting point (solidus temperature) of selected binary tin-base solders, when these have dissolved gold, is given in Table 4.3...
Abstract
This chapter considers the materials and processing aspects of soldering and the manner in which these interrelate in the development of joining processes. It discusses the processes involved in eliminating or suppressing metallurgical and mechanical constraints as well as constraints imposed by the components.
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