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Published: 01 September 2011
Fig. 3.8 Comparison of various methods for the laminate thickness distribution in millimeters. Y eq = 5, k = 0.18, r = 0, c = 40 mm (1.6 in.) More
Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 7.17 Laminate thickness comparison. Source: Ref 4 More
Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 16.12 Variation of ply stresses and strains through the laminate thickness More
Image
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 7.38 Effects of tool material, orientation, and thickness on laminate distortion. Source: Ref 8 More
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
.../pattern-roving interaction, an outline of the basic principles of pressure vessel design is provided. After a short section on laminate thickness approximation techniques (essential for establishing a range of acceptable roving dimensions), the chapter concludes with an example demonstrating...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... laminates. Too much flow can result in resin-starved laminates, which will often contain excessive porosity, while too little flow can produce resin-rich laminates, which can exceed thickness tolerances and cause assembly fit-up problems. Formulators of epoxy resin systems often use catalysts to control...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... fail if it is too small for the laminate thickness, if there are unshimmed gaps or excessive shimmed gaps in the joint, or if there is insufficient fastener clamp-up. Fig. 17.2 Mechanically fastened composite joint failure modes If a high-strength, highly orthotropic laminate has...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of the plies are oriented in the zero-degree or 90-degree direction. An example is the four-ply thick zero-degree laminate [0°, 0°, 0°, 0°]. Note that this is the same as a single ply or lamina, only thicker, as a result of multiple layers. Angle-Ply Laminates In an angle-ply laminate, all of the plies...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... the baseline by a predetermined dB, that area of the part is rejected. For example, if the baseline for a good laminate of a given thickness is 25 dB and the rejection threshold is 18 dB, then any indication over 43 dB (25 + 18 dB) would be rejected. Baselines and thresholds are determined by conducting...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of the constituents. A composite laminate can be built to any thickness, and the fibers may be oriented to achieve the desired strength and stiffness. Although this design freedom increases the number of choices, it also makes the process more complex. This chapter will cover, to a very limited extent...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
.... The low through-the-thickness strength of a typical composite laminate compared to aluminum is shown in Fig. 6 . Composites vs. metals comparison Table 1 Composites vs. metals comparison Condition Comparative behavior relative to metals Load-strain relationship More linear strain...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
...) A ¯ i j = Σ i − 1 k ( Q ¯ i j ) i ( z i − z i − 1 ) / B Here ( Z i − Z i –1 ) is the thickness of the i th ply, and B is the total thickness of the laminate. The bar denoting average has been dropped and the stresses...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... the duration of the cure cycle and throughout the laminate thickness ( Ref 7 ). It is commonly found that water in the formulation is the volatile compound that produces voids in the composite part. It has been shown that as-received epoxy resins contain between 0.3 and 0.7 wt% water ( Ref 8 ). Furthermore...
Book Chapter

By M. B. Kasen
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... offer some cost advantage in laminate production, although the thickness of the resulting plies and limitation on the radius of curvature of such filaments can be a disadvantage. The smaller volume fraction of tungsten lowers the overall composite density when the large-diameter fibers are used. Boron...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
...-the-thickness properties than autoclaved parts. Laminate void and fiber content have important effects on properties that are significantly influenced by the resin system, such as transverse shear strength, in-plane compressive strength, transverse tensile strength, and so on. One technique for measuring...
Image
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 8.31 Through-thickness damage comparison of impact in thermoplastic (top) and thermoset (botton) laminates. Note the smooth surfaces after impact and the excessive delamination in both cases, and the large conical-shape internal damage in the thermoset laminate. Source: Ref 8.40 More
Book

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.9781627083386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... of the same material with equal ply thickness by simply listing the ply orientations from the top of the laminate to the bottom. Thus, the notation [0°/90°/0°] uniquely defines a three-layer laminate. The angle denotes the orientation of the principal material axis, x 1 , within each ply. If a ply were...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... at the grips, end tabs are not strictly required. However, end tabs are usually used for two reasons: (1) the grips are knurled and tend to bite into the specimen surface; and (2) since the test is sensitive to thickness variations, end tabs are ground flat and parallel across the thickness. If a thin laminate...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
.... Such steels would tend to heat dramatically in the magnetic field were it not for the fact that they are in the form of a laminated structure. By this means, the eddy-current paths are minimized to keep losses low. The thickness of the individual laminations should be held to a minimum. Generally, below 3 kHz...