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Search Results for laminate thickness
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Comparison of various methods for the laminate thickness distribution in mi...
Available to Purchase
in Integral Design for Filament Winding—Materials, Winding Patterns, and Roving Dimensions for Optimal Pressure Vessels
> Composite Filament Winding
Published: 01 September 2011
Fig. 3.8 Comparison of various methods for the laminate thickness distribution in millimeters. Y eq = 5, k = 0.18, r = 0, c = 40 mm (1.6 in.)
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Published: 01 November 2010
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Published: 01 November 2010
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Effects of tool material, orientation, and thickness on laminate distortion...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 7.38 Effects of tool material, orientation, and thickness on laminate distortion. Source: Ref 8
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Book Chapter
Integral Design for Filament Winding—Materials, Winding Patterns, and Roving Dimensions for Optimal Pressure Vessels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
.../pattern-roving interaction, an outline of the basic principles of pressure vessel design is provided. After a short section on laminate thickness approximation techniques (essential for establishing a range of acceptable roving dimensions), the chapter concludes with an example demonstrating...
Abstract
This chapter outlines a methodology for the design of cylindrical pressure vessels, with emphasis on the establishment of winding patterns and the interaction between the real fiber bed geometry (finite roving dimensions) and the theoretical one. To highlight the materials-shape/pattern-roving interaction, an outline of the basic principles of pressure vessel design is provided. After a short section on laminate thickness approximation techniques (essential for establishing a range of acceptable roving dimensions), the chapter concludes with an example demonstrating the methodology from an initial set of design parameters up to the final stage, including patterns, roving dimensions, and production time minimization.
Book Chapter
Processing Science of Polymer Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... laminates. Too much flow can result in resin-starved laminates, which will often contain excessive porosity, while too little flow can produce resin-rich laminates, which can exceed thickness tolerances and cause assembly fit-up problems. Formulators of epoxy resin systems often use catalysts to control...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the tools and techniques, as well as some of the underlying theory, that have proven useful for process modeling and simulation. It begins by presenting the framework of a thermoset cure model that accounts for kinetics, viscosity, heat transfer, flow, voids, and residual stress. It then discusses each variable in detail, explaining how it affects the cure process, how it is measured, and how it can be expressed mathematically in the form of a simple model. The discussions throughout the chapter are supported by numerous images, diagrams, and data plots.
Book Chapter
Structural Joints—Bolted and Bonded
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... fail if it is too small for the laminate thickness, if there are unshimmed gaps or excessive shimmed gaps in the joint, or if there is insufficient fastener clamp-up. Fig. 17.2 Mechanically fastened composite joint failure modes If a high-strength, highly orthotropic laminate has...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding, the primary methods for joining polymer matrix composites. It describes and analyzes the basic types of mechanically fastened joints, including single-hole and multirow bolted composite joints. It then reviews the advantages and disadvantages of adhesively bonded joints and compares and contrasts the long-term performance of various joint designs. The chapter also discusses the merits of stepped-lap and bonded-bolted joints.
Book Chapter
Structural Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of the plies are oriented in the zero-degree or 90-degree direction. An example is the four-ply thick zero-degree laminate [0°, 0°, 0°, 0°]. Note that this is the same as a single ply or lamina, only thicker, as a result of multiple layers. Angle-Ply Laminates In an angle-ply laminate, all of the plies...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the challenges associated with the analysis of composite structures. It begins with a review of lamina fundamentals and the stress-strain relationships in a single ply under various types of loads. It demonstrates the use of classical lamination theory, discusses the effects of interlaminar free-edge stresses, and explains how to predict the failure of composites using stress and strain criteria as well as the Azzi-Tsai-Hill maximum work theory and the Tsai-Wu failure criterion.
Book Chapter
Nondestructive Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870333
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... the baseline by a predetermined dB, that area of the part is rejected. For example, if the baseline for a good laminate of a given thickness is 25 dB and the rejection threshold is 18 dB, then any indication over 43 dB (25 + 18 dB) would be rejected. Baselines and thresholds are determined by conducting...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of nondestructive inspection methods, including visual, ultrasonic, radiographic, and thermographic techniques, and the types of flaws and damages they can reveal in composite parts and assemblies. It describes the basic principles behind each method along with best practices and procedures.
Book Chapter
Design and Certification Considerations
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of the constituents. A composite laminate can be built to any thickness, and the fibers may be oriented to achieve the desired strength and stiffness. Although this design freedom increases the number of choices, it also makes the process more complex. This chapter will cover, to a very limited extent...
Abstract
This chapter discusses design and certification considerations, including materials and process selection, the building block approach to certification, design allowables, and design guidelines. It also includes information on damage tolerance and environmental sensitivity.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Fracture of Continuous-Fiber Polymer-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
.... The low through-the-thickness strength of a typical composite laminate compared to aluminum is shown in Fig. 6 . Composites vs. metals comparison Table 1 Composites vs. metals comparison Condition Comparative behavior relative to metals Load-strain relationship More linear strain...
Abstract
Unlike metals, in which fatigue failures are due to a single crack that grows to a critical length, the effects of fatigue in composites are much more distributed and varied. As the chapter explains, there are five major damage mechanisms that contribute to the progression of composite fatigue, those being matrix cracking, fiber breaking, crack coupling, delamination initiation, and delamination growth. The chapter describes each mechanism in detail along with related factors. It also discusses the primary differences between composites and metals, the effect of manufacturing defects, damage tolerance, and testing and certification.
Book Chapter
Mechanics of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
...) A ¯ i j = Σ i − 1 k ( Q ¯ i j ) i ( z i − z i − 1 ) / B Here ( Z i − Z i –1 ) is the thickness of the i th ply, and B is the total thickness of the laminate. The bar denoting average has been dropped and the stresses...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the failure mechanisms associated with fiber-reinforced composites. It begins with a review of fiber-matrix systems and the stress-strain response of unidirectional lamina and both notched and unnotched composite laminate specimens. It then explains how cyclic loading can lead to delamination, the primary failure mode of most composites, and describes some of the methods that have been developed to improve delamination resistance, assess damage tolerance, determine residual strength, and predict failure modes.
Book Chapter
Void Analysis of Composite Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... the duration of the cure cycle and throughout the laminate thickness ( Ref 7 ). It is commonly found that water in the formulation is the volatile compound that produces voids in the composite part. It has been shown that as-received epoxy resins contain between 0.3 and 0.7 wt% water ( Ref 8 ). Furthermore...
Abstract
Achieving the best-performing composite part requires that the processing method and cure cycle create high-quality, low-void-content structures. If voids are present, the performance of the composite will be significantly reduced. There are multiple causes of voids in composite materials; they are generally categorized as voids that are due to volatiles (such as solvents, water) or voids that result from entrapped air. This chapter describes the analysis of various types of voids. It reviews techniques for analysis of voids at ply-drops, voids due to high fiber packing, and voids that occur in honeycomb core composites. The final section of the chapter discusses void documentation through the use of nondestructive inspection techniques and density/specific gravity measurement methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860413
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... offer some cost advantage in laminate production, although the thickness of the resulting plies and limitation on the radius of curvature of such filaments can be a disadvantage. The smaller volume fraction of tungsten lowers the overall composite density when the large-diameter fibers are used. Boron...
Abstract
Composite systems for cryogenic applications are discussed in this chapter. This chapter emphasizes filamentary-reinforced composites because they are the most widely used composite materials. It begins with a discussion on the approach to designing and fabricating with low-pressure laminate composites. This is followed by a section providing an overview of the materials in modern cryogenic technology. Then, the chapter describes the effect of cryogenic temperatures on materials properties; it also introduces the various joining techniques developed for composite materials. The effects of radiation on the properties of the materials are covered as well as the processes involved in testing laminates at cryogenic temperatures. Finally, the chapter provides information available on concrete aggregate composites.
Book Chapter
Static Mechanical Tests for Filament-Wound Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.t52860095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
...-the-thickness properties than autoclaved parts. Laminate void and fiber content have important effects on properties that are significantly influenced by the resin system, such as transverse shear strength, in-plane compressive strength, transverse tensile strength, and so on. One technique for measuring...
Abstract
The objective of mechanical testing of an engineered material is to provide data necessary for the analysis, design, and fabrication of structural components using the material. The testing of filament-wound composite materials offers unique challenges because of the special characteristics of composites. This chapter describes suitable static mechanical test techniques for characterizing laminated composite materials. The approach is to provide recommended techniques, based on consensus opinions of fabricators and users of filament-wound composites, and to survey available techniques that have been used successfully in the field. The chapter describes the effects of various factors on the properties of composite constituents, including fibers, resins, and unidirectional plies. Some aspects of specimen selection are also described. The chapter provides information on pressure bottles and tubular parts that have been developed as standard test specimens for combined load testing of composites.
Image
Through-thickness damage comparison of impact in thermoplastic (top) and th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2005
Fig. 8.31 Through-thickness damage comparison of impact in thermoplastic (top) and thermoset (botton) laminates. Note the smooth surfaces after impact and the excessive delamination in both cases, and the large conical-shape internal damage in the thermoset laminate. Source: Ref 8.40
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Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfw.9781627083386
EISBN: 978-1-62708-338-6
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... of the same material with equal ply thickness by simply listing the ply orientations from the top of the laminate to the bottom. Thus, the notation [0°/90°/0°] uniquely defines a three-layer laminate. The angle denotes the orientation of the principal material axis, x 1 , within each ply. If a ply were...
Abstract
This chapter presents the fundamentals of tensile testing of fiber-reinforced polymer composites. Basic tensile testing of polymer composites is divided into lamina and laminate testing. The chapter focuses on tensile testing of laminates. It discusses the most common tensile test methods that have been standardized for fiber-reinforced composite materials. It also briefly reviews considerations in tensile testing of metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Mechanical Property Test Methods
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... at the grips, end tabs are not strictly required. However, end tabs are usually used for two reasons: (1) the grips are knurled and tend to bite into the specimen surface; and (2) since the test is sensitive to thickness variations, end tabs are ground flat and parallel across the thickness. If a thin laminate...
Abstract
This chapter discusses composite testing procedures, including tension, compression, shear, flexure, and fracture toughness testing as well as adhesive shear, peel, and honeycomb flatwise tension testing. It also discusses specimen preparation, environmental conditioning, and data analysis.
Book Chapter
Flux Concentrators, Shields, and Susceptors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
.... Such steels would tend to heat dramatically in the magnetic field were it not for the fact that they are in the form of a laminated structure. By this means, the eddy-current paths are minimized to keep losses low. The thickness of the individual laminations should be held to a minimum. Generally, below 3 kHz...
Abstract
To a large extent, the induction coil and its coupling to the workpiece determine the precise heating pattern that is developed. However, it is often desirable to modify this pattern in order to produce a special heating distribution or to increase energy efficiency. At other times, the high heating rates of induction are needed for processing nonconductors. This chapter describes broad methods of accomplishing such objectives: modification of the field of magnetic induction, use of devices to prevent auxiliary equipment or certain portions of a workpiece from being heated, and techniques to apply heating to electrically nonconductive materials. These methods make use of devices such as flux concentrators, shields, and susceptors. The chapter provides a description of the materials for these devices and guidelines for their application.
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