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Image
Peeled pipe connection showing discontinuities that are internal to the gap...
Available to Purchase
in Soldering Faults—Inspection of Solder Connections
> Handbook of Induction Soldering: Principles, Processing, and Applications
Published: 31 December 2024
Fig. 12.2 Peeled pipe connection showing discontinuities that are internal to the gap (joint clearance)
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Book Chapter
Inspection of Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional...
Abstract
The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional inspection. Casting defects including porosity, oxide films, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects are reviewed. Liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and leak testing for castings are discussed. The chapter provides information on the procedures involved in the inspection of castings that are limited to visual and dimensional inspections, weight testing, and hardness testing. It also discusses the use of computer equipment in foundry inspection operations.
Book Chapter
The Influence and Control of Porosity and Inclusions in Aluminum Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
.... This chapter describes the causes and control of porosity and inclusions in aluminum castings as well as the combined effects of hydrogen, shrinkage, and inclusions on the properties of aluminum alloys. In addition, it discusses the applications of radiography to reveal internal discontinuities in aluminum...
Abstract
Porosity in aluminum is caused by the precipitation of hydrogen from liquid solution or by shrinkage during solidification, and more usually by a combination of these effects. Nonmetallic inclusions entrained before solidification influence porosity formation and mechanical properties. This chapter describes the causes and control of porosity and inclusions in aluminum castings as well as the combined effects of hydrogen, shrinkage, and inclusions on the properties of aluminum alloys. In addition, it discusses the applications of radiography to reveal internal discontinuities in aluminum.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Forgings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... forgings, NDI methods (other than visual) are generally limited to magnetic particle or liquid penetrant inspection (for surface discontinuities) or to ultrasonic inspection (for internal flaws). In general, the flaws likely to be found in open-die forgings are similar to those that may occur in other hot...
Abstract
In forgings of both ferrous and nonferrous metals, the flaws that most often occur are caused by conditions that exist in the ingot, by subsequent hot working of the ingot or the billet, and by hot or cold working during forging. The inspection methods most commonly used to detect these flaws include visual, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, eddy current, and radiographic inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the characteristics, process steps, applications, advantages, and limitations of these methods. It also describes the flaws caused by the forging operation and the principal factors that influence the selection of a nondestructive inspection method for forgings.
Book Chapter
Weld Discontinuities and Imperfections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... are the best methods for locating internal discontinuities. Because of the nature of the process, LOF is rare. If fusion is achieved on external material edges, then fusion is generally complete throughout. Cracking may occur either in the weld or the HAZ. Porosity may either take the form of a rounded...
Abstract
Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided.
Book Chapter
Product Launch Process
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... tolerances Radiographs for Internal Discontinuities All castings are checked radiographically for internal discontinuities according to ASTM E 1030, with an image quality indicator (IQI) having a sensitivity level of 2 to 2T, as defined in ASTM E 1025. Internal discontinuities (shrinkage, gas...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of various factors pertinent to the development and launch of a product. It begins by describing the five phases in the product launch process, namely product design and development, process design and development, product and process validation, product launch, and continuous improvement. This is followed by sections covering product-process flow diagrams and also the process elements considered for process failure mode and effects analysis. Some of the aspects covered by the engineering specifications to meet the product performance requirements are then reviewed. Details on product validation requirements and definitions of parameters related to the launch process are also provided. The chapter discusses the purpose of manufacturing control plan, along with an illustration of a manufacturing control plan outlined for a safety-critical suspension casting. It ends with an overview of the contents of a program launch manual.
Image
Internal oxidation at high temperatures. 0.2% C (0.22C-1.41 Mn-0.05Si-0.07C...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 1999
Fig. 12.6 (Part 1) Internal oxidation at high temperatures. 0.2% C (0.22C-1.41 Mn-0.05Si-0.07Cu, wt%). (a) Side face of an artificial discontinuity in a billet heated at 1200 °C for 15 min. White arrows indicate the location of the scale/metal interface. 1% nital. 250×. (b) Side face
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Book Chapter
Soldering Faults—Inspection of Solder Connections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... or nonwetting by the filler metal. Fig. 12.2 Peeled pipe connection showing discontinuities that are internal to the gap (joint clearance) Metallographic Inspection Metallographic cross sections can be used to identify the microstructural details of the soldered or brazed joint. Such details...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the critical soldering faults that lead to quality degradation and potential failure of a soldered connection. It then describes the types of nondestructive evaluations used to inspect soldered and brazed joints, including dimensional and visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, radiographic examination, dye penetrant inspection, and leak testing, including overpressure tests. The chapter also provides an overview of destructive physical analysis.
Book Chapter
Finishing, Heat Treatment and Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... seeping from the discontinuity. ASTM has prepared standard procedures for liquid penetrant inspection in ASTM E-165, E-433. Acceptance criteria should be indicated at the time of order. Radiography Radiography has become the major non-destructive test method for determining the presence of internal...
Abstract
After pouring, castings are allowed to solidify and cool. They are later removed from the molds in the shakeout operation. A series of activities then follow, which are generally referred to as finishing and heat treatment. These activities can be broadly categorized as shakeout, abrasive blast cleaning, removal of risers, ingates, and discontinuities, rough inspection, removal of discontinuities, finishing welding, heat treatment, and final visual, dimensional, and NDT inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on these activities.
Book Chapter
Defects Leading to Failure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... abnormally during forging, these flaws may be formed without any evidence on the surface of the forging. Bursts can also occur. Aluminum alloys. The internal discontinuities that occur in aluminum alloy forgings are ruptures, cracks, inclusions, segregation, and occasionally porosity. Ruptures...
Abstract
This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how application life is affected by the severity of service conditions and discusses the consequences of using inappropriate materials.
Book Chapter
Metallurgy Variables in Fusion Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290099
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... after welding Precipitation hardened: martensitic (17-4 PH, 13-8 Mo, 15-5 PH) Very weldable, similar to austenitic Use austenitic filler if high strengths are not required Age single-pass welds to full strength Use compatible filler 5.6 Overview of Weld Discontinuities Weld...
Abstract
During fusion welding, the thermal cycles produced by the moving heat source causes physical state changes, metallurgical phase transformations, and transient thermal stresses and metal movement. This chapter begins by discussing weld metal solidification behavior and the solid-state transformations of the main classes of metals and alloys during fusion welding. The main classes include work- or strain-hardened metals and alloys, precipitation-hardened alloys, transformation-hardened steels and cast irons, stainless steels, and solid-solution and dispersion-hardened alloys. The following section provides information on the residual stresses and distortion that remain after welding. The focus then shifts to distortion control of weldments. Inclusions and cracking are discussed in detail. The chapter also discusses the causes for reduced fatigue strength of a component by a weld: stress concentration due to weld shape and joint geometry; stress concentration due to weld imperfections; and residual welding stresses. Inspection and characterization of welds are described in the final section of this chapter.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Weldments and Brazed Assemblies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Book Chapter
Inspection Methods: Overview and Comparison
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... of the inspection methods that will be covered in the remainder of this book. Visual Inspection Visual inspection provides a means of detecting and examining a variety of surface flaws, such as corrosion, contamination, surface finish, and surface discontinuities on joints (for example, welds, seals...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the various inspection methods used with metals and alloys, namely visual inspection, coordinate measuring machines, machine vision, hardness testing, tensile testing, chemical analysis, metallography, and nondestructive testing. The nondestructive testing methods discussed are liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic testing.
Book Chapter
Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... , Discontinuous Reinforcements for Metal-Matrix Composites , Composites , Vol 21 , ASM Handbook , ASM International , 2001 6. Michaud V.J. , Liquid State Processing , Fundamentals of Metal-Matrix Composites , Butterworth-Heinemann , 1993 , p 3 – 22 7. Campbell F.C...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) work at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and can be engineered for improved strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, abrasion and/or creep resistance, and dimensional stability. This chapter examines the properties, compositions, and performance-cost tradeoffs of common MMCs, including aluminum-matrix composites, titanium-matrix composites, and fiber-metal laminates. It also explains how fiber-reinforced composites and laminates are made, describing both continuous and discontinuous fiber matrix production processes.
Image
Properties of silicon carbide particulate (SiC p ) discontinuously reinforc...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 November 2010
Fig. 20.7 Properties of silicon carbide particulate (SiC p ) discontinuously reinforced aluminum composites. CTE, coefficient of thermal expansion; International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS). Source: Ref 2
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Book Chapter
Liquid Penetrant, Magnetic Particle, and Eddy-Current Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... used to find discontinuities that are open to the surface of solid, essentially nonporous materials. Indications of flaws can be found regardless of the size, configuration, internal structure, and chemical composition of the workpiece being inspected, as well as flaw orientation. Liquid penetrants can...
Abstract
Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface flaw detection techniques.
Book Chapter
The Failure Analysis Process
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610549
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... these tests are used to detect surface cracks and discontinuities. Radiography is used mainly for internal examination. A photographic record of the results of nondestructive inspection is a necessary part of record keeping in the investigation. Magnetic-Particle Inspection Magnetic-particle inspection...
Abstract
This chapters discusses the basic steps in the failure analysis process. It covers examination procedures, selection and preservation of fracture surfaces, macro and microfractography, metallographic analysis, mechanical testing, chemical analysis, and simulated service testing.
Book Chapter
Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... nonferrous alloy, and the reinforcement consists of high-performance carbon, metallic, or ceramic additions. Reinforcements, either continuous or discontinuous, may constitute from 10 to 70 vol% of the composite. Continuous fiber or filament (f) reinforcements include graphite, silicon carbide (SiC), boron...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites can operate at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and, unlike polymer-matrix composites, are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and resist attack by solvents and fuels. They can also be tailored to provide greater strength and stiffness, among other properties, in preferred directions and locations. This chapter discusses the processes and procedures used in the production of fiber-reinforced aluminum and titanium metal-matrix composites. It explains how the length and orientation of reinforcing fibers affect the properties and processing characteristics of both aluminum and titanium composites. It also provides information on fiber-metal laminates and the use of different matrix metals and reinforcing materials.
Book Chapter
Eutectic Alloy Systems
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... for everything from joining copper plumbing to soldering electrical circuits. However, there is an international effort to develop lead-free solders because of the health concerns associated with lead. Nevertheless, lead-tin solders are still widely used. Consider alloy 1 in the lead-tin phase diagram ( Fig. 5.7...
Abstract
This chapter begins by presenting a generic eutectic phase diagram and identifying critical points, lines, and features. It then describes the composition and properties of aluminum-silicon and lead-tin eutectic systems, the characteristics of eutectic morphologies, the solidification and scale of eutectic structures, and the competitive growth of dendrites and eutectic colonies or cells. It also examines the different types of precipitation structures that form during slow cooling cycles.
Book Chapter
Metal Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... Properties of silicon carbide particulate (SiC p ) discontinuously reinforced aluminum composites. CTE, coefficient of thermal expansion; International Annealed Copper Standard (IACS). Source: Ref 2 Fig. 20.8 Elevated-temperature properties of silicon carbide (SiC) particulate discontinuously...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir and slurry casting, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, powder metallurgy, extrusion, hot rolling, and forging. The chapter also provides information on continuous-fiber aluminum and titanium composites as well as particle-reinforced titanium and fiber metal (glass aluminum) laminates.
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