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instrumented indentation test
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... the tip of the indenter Model Without model, direct use of the measurands “test force” and “displacement” Use of a model of the elastic deformation of the surface. Use of the experimental initial unloading slope, S Test parameters of the instrumented indentation test that are indicated...
Abstract
Instrumented indentation hardness testing significantly expands on the capabilities of traditional hardness testing. It employs high-resolution instrumentation to continuously control and monitor the loads and displacements of an indenter as it is driven into and withdrawn from a material. The scope of application comprises displacements even smaller than 200 nm (nano range) and forces even up to 30 kN . Mechanical properties are derived from the indentation load-displacement data obtained in simple tests. The chapter presents the elements of contact mechanics that are important for the application of the instrumented indentation test. The test method according to the international standard (ISO 14577) is discussed, and this information is supplemented by information about the testing technique and some example applications. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the extensions of the standard that are expected in the future (estimation of the measurement uncertainty and procedures for the determination of true stress-strain curves).
Image
Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 44 Instrumented indentation test on silicon carbide ceramics. The coefficient of variation of the Martens hardness measured is low, despite the crack formation.
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Published: 01 October 2011
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... ISO 2006-03 - national annexes such as HB, HV, HR - Tables become Part 4 4546 1993 Testing machines 4546 4547 1993 Hardness reference blocks 4547 10250 1993 Tables 10250 ... ... ... Instrumented indentation test (IIT) TR 14577 (Universal hardness) (DIN 50359) 1995...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the general principles involved in codifying standards and describes the historical development of materials testing standards. It provides information on the standards related to the Brinell, Vickers, Rockwell, and Knoop methods as well as those for the instrumented indentation test and hardness conversions.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.9781627083461
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
Image
Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 47 Relative measurement uncertainty ( k = 1) of the material parameters of the instrumented indentation test as a function of test force on samples made of (a) soft iron and (b) WC hard metal. For HM and E IT , refer to Table 12 .
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
..., International Organization for Standardization , 2005 21. “Test Method for Rockwell Hardness of Plastics and Electrical Insulating Materials; Procedure B,” ASTM D 785-08, ASTM International , 2008 22. “Metallic Materials—Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters —Part 1...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the tests and procedures used for measuring hardness of plastics and elastomers. The conventional testing methods (Rockwell, Vickers, Brinell, and Knoop) used for testing of metals are based on the idea that hardness represents the resistance against permanent plastic deformation of the material to be tested. However, elastic deformation must be considered in hardness measurement of elastomers. This chapter discusses the equipment and processes involved in the durometer (Shore) test, the International Rubber Hardness Degree test, and other specialized tests. It presents the criteria that can be used to select a suitable hardness testing method for elastomers or plastics and describes processes involved in specimen preparation and equipment calibration.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... for Uncertainty Determination of Hardness Testing; PC file for the determination , Materialprüfung , Vol 3 ( No. 44 ), 2002 , p. 64 – 71 10.1515/mt-2002-440304 25. “Metallic Materials—Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters,” ISO 14577, Parts 1 to 4, International...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of nondestructive hardness testing methods for metals, including electromagnetic impulse testing, photothermal testing, scratch hardness testing, and ultrasonic contact impedance testing. It also discusses the use of ultrasound to determine the depth of hardening in a metal or alloy. The chapter reviews methods used to check and calibrate hardness testing machines and indenters and the use of hardness reference blocks for verification and calibration of test machines. It also addresses conversion of hardness values determined by one method to equivalent values for a different method.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... a device for the instrumented indentation test with mechanical, hydraulic depth measurement. 1900 J.A. Brinell developed the ball indentation test. 1907 P. Ludwik reported on a cone probe used both statically and dynamically. A.F. Shore created the rebound hardness measuring method. E. Meyer...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of hardness testing and defines the term hardness. It describes the interrelationship between material structure and hardness and the relationships between hardness and other mechanical material properties. In addition, information on the hardness unit and traceability of the hardness measurement are provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bpapp.t59290193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-319-5
... includes the key elements of particle size, sintering temperature, sintering time, and atmosphere. Hardness tests are relatively fast and inexpensive. Handheld devices are available. The instrument range is from $2,000 for simple testing to $100,000 for nanoscale indentation instruments. Each test requires...
Abstract
When a material is sintered and evaluated for performance, the primary focus is on mechanical properties. This chapter discusses structural properties for representative materials. Some guidelines are presented on the types of tests and how property values depend on the testing procedure. Mechanical hardness and strength tabulations are provided to document sintered properties.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... microscopes, x-ray diffractometers, microhardness testers, and hot microhardness testers. A list of other instruments that are usually located in a research laboratory or specialized testing laboratory is also provided. electron probe microanalyzers image analyzers metallographic laboratory...
Abstract
Several specialized instruments are available for the metallographer to use as tools to gather key information on the characteristics of the microstructure being analyzed. These include microscopes that use electrons as a source of illumination instead of light and x-ray diffraction equipment. This chapter describes how these instruments can be used to gather important information about a microstructure. The instruments covered include image analyzers, transmission electron microscopes, scanning electron microscopes, electron probe microanalyzers, scanning transmission electron microscopes, x-ray diffractometers, microhardness testers, and hot microhardness testers. A list of other instruments that are usually located in a research laboratory or specialized testing laboratory is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... is determined and converted to a hardness number (without measurement units), which is inversely related to the depth. Hardness testers can either be portable instruments or laboratory devices. Static indentation and rebound testing are discussed in this chapter. These two methods account for virtually all...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the operating mechanism, applications, advantages, and limitations of Brinell hardness testing, Rockwell hardness testing, Vickers hardness testing, Scleroscope hardness testing, and microhardness testing. In addition, the general precautions and selection criteria to be considered are described and details of equipment setup provided.
Image
Published: 01 October 2011
Fig. 52 (a) True stress-strain curves calculated from the results of the tensile test for steel StE355 compared to (b) the stress-strain curves obtained using the methods of instrumented indentation described in this chapter
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310067
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
...Impact Devices and Applications for the Leeb Method Table 1 Impact Devices and Applications for the Leeb Method Type Application D Universal device, suitable for most of the test tasks. Indenter made of 3 mm hard metal sphere. A wide measurement range up to a maximum of 68...
Abstract
In dynamic hardness tests, the test force is applied to the defined indenter in an accelerated way (with a high application rate). Dynamic test methods relate hardness to the elastic response of a material, whereas the classical static indentation tests determine hardness in terms of plastic behavior. This chapter describes the most important and widespread dynamic hardness testing methods. These tests fall into two categories: methods in which the deformation is measured and methods in which the energy is measured. Methods that measure deformation include the Poldi hammer method, the shearing force method, the Baumann hammer method, and the Dynatest method. Methods that measure energy include the Shore method, the Leeb method, and the Nitronic method. The chapter concludes with a discussion of applications of dynamic hardness testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850334
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... conversions, relationships to other properties, and hardness applications. 5-2 Indentation Hardness Hardness testing using indentations can be accomplished in several ways. If a hard object is pressed into the surface of a softer material with enough force to produce an indentation, the indentation...
Abstract
Hardness tests provide valuable information about the quality of materials and how they are likely to perform in different types of service. This chapter covers some of the most widely used hardness testing methods, including Vickers, Rockwell, and Brinell tests, Shore scleroscope and Equotip hardness tests, and microindentation tests. It describes the equipment and procedures used, discusses the factors that influence accuracy, and provides hardness conversion equations for different types of materials. It also explains how hardness testing sheds light on anisotropy, machinability, wear, fracture toughness, and tensile strength as well as temperature effects, residual stress, and quality control.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... to resist permanent indentation or deformation when in contact with an indenter under load. Generally, a hardness test consists of pressing an indenter of known geometry and mechanical properties into the test material. The hardness of the material is quantified using one of a variety of scales...
Abstract
This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... of commonly used hardness testing systems: the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Scleroscope, and various microhardness testers that employ Vickers or Knoop indenters. The effect of carbon content on annealed steels and hardened steels is then discussed. A brief discussion on the concept of the ideal critical...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the general principles of measuring hardness and hardenability of steel. The discussion begins by defining hardness and exploring the history of hardness testing. This is followed by a discussion on the principles, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of commonly used hardness testing systems: the Brinell, Rockwell, Vickers, Scleroscope, and various microhardness testers that employ Vickers or Knoop indenters. The effect of carbon content on annealed steels and hardened steels is then discussed. A brief discussion on the concept of the ideal critical diameter and austenitic grain size of steels is also provided to understand how one can calculate and quantify hardenability. The processes involved in various methods for evaluating hardenability are reviewed, discussing the effect of alloying elements on hardenability.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... and thus strength. Fig. 4 Correlation of hardness with tensile strength. Source: Ref 3 The most common types of hardness tests are indentation methods. These tests use a variety of indentation loads ranging from 1 gf (microindentation) to 3000 kgf (Brinell). Low and high powered microscopes...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the various inspection methods used with metals and alloys, namely visual inspection, coordinate measuring machines, machine vision, hardness testing, tensile testing, chemical analysis, metallography, and nondestructive testing. The nondestructive testing methods discussed are liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... is destroyed when sectioned. While most hardness testing uses a hardness tester that produces an indent on the part, there are still a few specifications that incorporate hardness testing through use of test files. Table 12.1 lists the advantages and limitations of NDT and DT. Advantages and limitations...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
.... This elastic constant can brale indenter. A conical 120° diamond in- be expressed by: denter with a conical tip (a 0.2 mm, or 0.008 in., tip radius is typical) used in certain types K = sm = -p = 1 of Rockwell and scratch hardness tests. DV DV b brass. A copper-zinc alloy containing up to 40% where K...
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