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Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610585
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This appendix provides detailed information on design deficiencies, material and manufacturing defects, and service-life anomalies. It covers ingot-related defects, forging and sheet forming imperfections, casting defects, heat treating defects, and weld discontinuities. It shows how...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... oxygen decarburization melting, vacuum induction melting, vacuum arc remelting, and electroslag remelting. It also addresses related issues such as consumable remelt quality, control anomalies, melt pool characteristics, and melt-related defects, and includes a section that discusses the processes...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... into the ingot body and goes undetected, it can eventually result in a defective forging. Detection of the pipe can be obscured in some cases if bridging has occurred. Piping can be minimized by pouring ingots with the big end up, by providing risers in the ingot top, and by applying sufficient hot top...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... or defect-free materials. Despite the controls, occasional defects have been involved in significant events related to titanium alloy failures. It is predicted that the introduction of cold-hearth technologies will further reduce the incidence of defects in titanium ingots. VAR has been the traditional...
Book Chapter

By Loren A. Jacobson, Don H. Hashiguchi
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... solidification, and control of cooling rates during freezing that influence the soundness of beryllium ingots. Typical defects associated with VIM include shrinkage pipe, gas porosity, microcracks, centerline defects, cold shuts, inclusions, and macrosegregation of metallic impurities. They point out...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This article discusses the steps in the primary processing of stainless steels: melting, refining, remelting, casting, and hot rolling. It provides information of the major categories of defects in hot rolled stainless steels, namely hot mill defects, inclusion-related defects, and hot...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220353
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... are needed, the starting ingots must be also larger, resulting in an overall increase of segregation-related issues. The acceptability of these heterogeneities is directly related to the performance of the parts in question. Various studies have been performed to evaluate the effects of segregated regions...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract This chapter provides an overview of the rolling and finishing processes required to create a sheet, plate, or foil product from a direct chill (DC) cast ingot. The flow paths, equipment, and operations are described with a view to the basic evolution of the microstructure, surface...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
..., the power is decreased to allow the pool (up to 65% of the ingot length) to solidify without the development of harmful defects. A few hours may be required for hot topping larger ingots, and sufficient electrode metal must be available. It is especially important that the top of the ingot not be allowed...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... is essentially a mini-ingot with the same composition as the molten alloy. An important prerequisite for making P/M superalloys that possess reliable properties is the use of clean powders. Years of intensive work were spent in identifying and controlling the problems related to unclean powders. Today, argon...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... pouring, which produces globs of metal frozen on the mold walls because of the great difference in temperature of the mold surfaces and the liquid metal Pipe Pipe is a condition that develops in the nominal top centerline of the ingot as the result of solidification of the molten metal from...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
..., macro- and microsegregation, and hot cracking, as well as the effects of solidification and remelting on castings, ingots, and continuous cast products. It explains how to determine where defects originate in continuous casters and how to control alumina, sulfide, and nitride inclusions...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
...). Ingots may require conditioning after melting, depending on the cast surface quality to remove surface pinholes and spongy areas, which could contribute to tearing during the ingot breakdown stage. These melt-related surface imperfections are removed by spot grinding localized areas or by lathe turning...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... into the extruded shapes, and to avoid other defects, such as cracking and blistering. Entrapping oxide or any nonmetallic inclusions can cause failure of the material due to a different, yet related, feature, such as surface or subsurface blisters and other undesirable surface defects. It is important to recognize...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
.... In the majority of melting operations, after the liquid metal is produced it is cast into molds. At this point it becomes either an ingot or a casting upon solidification. Use of the term ingot is reserved for the furnace output in molded form that is intended for shaping into a marketable material through...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420291
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... Abstract This chapter discusses the extrusion technology of hard alloys. The chapter provides an overview of hollow extrusion for aerospace application. It presents extrusion defects related to hard alloys. The chapter describes the extrusion quality requirements for aerospace applications...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
.... There are other sources of internal voids. Mold reactions, high-temperature oxidation, blow-holes, and entrapped gas result in defects that adversely affect mechanical properties as well as physical acceptability. Nonmetallic inclusions entrained before solidification influence porosity formation...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... Segregation Ingot structure is one of the origins of streak defects in aluminum extrusion. Surface segregation or a shell zone present in the billet microstructure as shown in Fig. 23 could occur during the early stages of solidification during DC casting and are located in the billet peripheral zone...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... design features. For example, close-die forging imposes more lateral constraint on metal flow than open-die forging. This may lead to flow-related defects such as forging laps or seams. Forging processes Table 6.2 Forging processes Forging Open-die forging Open dies are primarily used...
Book Chapter

Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... of temperature capability to illustrate points. Temperature capability is a function of the location in strength-temperature-environment-time space where it is determined. Figure 1.1 used the 100 h rupture strength as a criterion. A related criteria is used in Fig. 15.1(d) , where the criterion...