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Thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of polyv...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2003
Fig. 34 Thermogravimetric analysis-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy of polyvinyl chloride
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Image
A typical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum illustrating the...
Available to Purchase
in Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis[1]
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 3 A typical Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum illustrating the correlation between structure and absorption bands. Lexan, G.E. Plastics
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Image
The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the bracke...
Available to Purchase
in Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis[1]
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 13 The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the bracket base material, exhibiting absorption bands characteristic of polycarbonate
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The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the grip s...
Available to Purchase
in Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis[1]
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 16 The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the grip surface. The spectrum contains absorption bands indicative of glyceride derivatives of fats and oils in addition to bands associated with the base acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene resin.
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The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the includ...
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in Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis[1]
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 18 The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the included particle, characteristic of polybutadiene
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The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the failed...
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in Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis[1]
> Characterization and Failure Analysis of Plastics
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 22 The Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy spectrum obtained on the failed tubing material. The spectrum exhibits absorption bands indicative of a polyvinyl chloride resin containing an adipate-based plasticizer.
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Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipment. The apparatus on the rig...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2009
Fig. 11.7 Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy equipment. The apparatus on the right houses and illuminates the sample. A computer houses algorithms and data to which the trace is compared. The monitor on the left displays the compound trace and a suggested material comparison trace.
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Book Chapter
Physical, Chemical, and Thermal Analysis of Thermoset Resins
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780089
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article focuses on characterization techniques used for analyzing the physical behavior and chemical composition of thermoset resins, namely chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The main purpose is to give sufficient detail to permit the reader understand a particular test...
Abstract
This article focuses on characterization techniques used for analyzing the physical behavior and chemical composition of thermoset resins, namely chromatography and infrared spectroscopy. The main purpose is to give sufficient detail to permit the reader understand a particular test technique and its value to the thermoset resin field. Epoxy resins are emphasized in the examples because they dominate the airframe and aerospace industries. The article also provides information on two categories of characterization of the processing behavior of thermoset. The first studies the thermal properties of reactive thermoset systems, while the second utilizes these thermal characteristics as the basis for monitoring and control during processing.
Book Chapter
Characterization of Plastics in Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... techniques are supplemented by a series of case studies that include pertinent visual examination results and the corresponding images that aided in the characterization of the failures. The techniques covered include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry...
Abstract
This article reviews various analytical techniques most commonly used in plastic component failure analysis. The description of the techniques is intended to make the reader familiar with the general principles and benefits of the methodologies. The descriptions of the analytical techniques are supplemented by a series of case studies that include pertinent visual examination results and the corresponding images that aided in the characterization of the failures. The techniques covered include Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry, thermogravimetric analysis, thermomechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The article also discusses various analytical methods used to characterize the molecular weight distribution of a polymeric material. It provides information on a wide range of mechanical tests that are available to evaluate plastics and polymers, covering the various considerations in the selection and use of test methods.
Book Chapter
Analysis of Structure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... pertinent to structure analysis. This is followed by a review of the characterization of plastics by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The article then provides information on the distribution of molecular weight of an engineering plastic. It further discusses the methods used in thermal...
Abstract
This article introduces procedures an engineer or materials scientist can use to investigate failures. It provides a brief survey of polymer systems and key properties that need to be measured during failure analysis. The article begins with an overview of the problem-solving approach pertinent to structure analysis. This is followed by a review of the characterization of plastics by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The article then provides information on the distribution of molecular weight of an engineering plastic. It further discusses the methods used in thermal analysis, namely differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal-mechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The following sections provide details on X-ray diffraction for analyzing crystalline phases and on a minimal scheme for polymer analysis and characterization to assist the design engineer. The article ends with a discussion on the thermal-analytical scheme for analyzing the milligram quantities of polymer samples.
Book Chapter
Analytical Equipment
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
..., Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and Auger analysis), and chromatography. These technologies are described as follows. Energy-Dispersive Analysis of X-Rays Perhaps the most common materials analysis technology is energy-dispersive analysis...
Abstract
After the fault-tree, a failure-cause identification method has identified potential failure causes and the failure analysis team has prepared a failure mode assessment and assignment (FMA&A). The team knows specifically what to search for when examining components and subassemblies from the failed system. There are numerous techniques and technologies available for examining and analyzing components and subassemblies, which are categorized as follows: optical approaches, dimensional inspection and related approaches, nondestructive test approaches, mechanical and environmental approaches, and chemical and composition analysis for assessing material characteristics. This chapter is a detailed account of the working principle and the steps involved in these techniques and technologies.
Book Chapter
Contaminants
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
..., and scanning electron microscopy can reveal the presence of contaminants. Any of the materials analysis technologies (energy-dispersive analysis of x-rays, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, spectrometry, chromatography, secondary ion mass spectrometry, and Auger) can be used to identify elements...
Abstract
Contaminants can be a cause of numerous types of system failures. There are numerous techniques for confirming contaminant presence. When the presence of a contaminant is suspected, the failure analysis team must find and eliminate the contaminant source, which can be obvious or quite subtle. This chapter summarizes a few commonly encountered contaminant sources to stimulate the reader's thinking about potential contaminant sources. A case study of titanium component washing at Litton Lasers is presented to illustrate how the presence of contaminants leads to a system failure.
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.9781627082815
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780433
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... length critical crack length initial crack size acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene acetals Auger electron spectroscopy aramid ber American National Standards Institute ammonium polyphosphate American Society for Testing and Materials alumina trihydrate thickness butadiene bulk molding compound Building...
Abstract
This article is a compilation of abbreviations and symbols related to characterization and failure analysis of plastics.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110434
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... (with thin samples), wavelength dispersive x-ray spectroscopy (WDS), Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS, also knows as ESCA), secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS), Rutherford backscattering spectrometry (RBS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and total...
Abstract
This article provides an overview of the most common micro-analytical technique in the failure analysis laboratory: energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). It discusses the general characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of some of the X-ray detectors attached to the scanning electron microscope chamber including the lithium-drifted EDS detector, silicon drift detector (SDD), and wavelength dispersive X-ray detector. The article then provides information on qualitative and quantitative X-ray analysis programs followed by a discussion on EDS elemental mapping. The discussion includes a comparison of scanning transmission electron microscope-EDS elemental mapping and mapping with an SDD. A brief section is devoted to the discussion on the artifacts that occur during X-ray mapping.
Book Chapter
Surface Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... ion mass spectrometry; FTIR, Fourier transform infrared (spectroscopy) This article covers common techniques for surface characterization, including the modern SEM and methods for the chemical characterization of surfaces by Auger electron spectroscopy (AES), x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy...
Abstract
This article covers common techniques for surface characterization, including the modern scanning electron microscopy and methods for the chemical characterization of surfaces by Auger electron spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and time-of-flight secondary ion mass spectrometry. The principles of surface analysis and some of the applications of the technique in polymer failure studies are also provided.
Book Chapter
Temperature Measurement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... Abstract Temperature is a critical process parameter in the heat treatment and forging of steel and must be accurately measured to properly control it. This appendix discusses the operating principles of thermocouples and infrared pyrometers, describing the various types as well as advantages...
Abstract
Temperature is a critical process parameter in the heat treatment and forging of steel and must be accurately measured to properly control it. This appendix discusses the operating principles of thermocouples and infrared pyrometers, describing the various types as well as advantages and applications.
Book Chapter
Package Failure Analysis: Flow and Technique
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... inspection, X-ray inspection, scanning acoustic microscopy, infrared (IR) microscopy, and electrical verification. The article discusses various fault isolation techniques to tackle the wide array of failure signatures, namely IR lock-in thermography, magnetic current imaging, time domain reflectometry...
Abstract
As semiconductor feature sizes have shrunk, the technology needed to encapsulate modern integrated circuits has expanded. Due to the various industry changes, package failure analyses are becoming much more challenging; a systematic approach is therefore critical. This article proposes a package failure analysis flow for analyzing open and short failures. The flow begins with a review of data on how the device failed and how it was processed. Next, non-destructive techniques are performed to document the condition of the as-received units. The techniques discussed are external optical inspection, X-ray inspection, scanning acoustic microscopy, infrared (IR) microscopy, and electrical verification. The article discusses various fault isolation techniques to tackle the wide array of failure signatures, namely IR lock-in thermography, magnetic current imaging, time domain reflectometry, and electro-optical terahertz pulse reflectometry. The final step is the step-by-step inspection and deprocessing stage that begins once the defect has been imaged.
Book Chapter
Environmental and Chemical Effects
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780146
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... of formation of new groups, such as carbonyl (–C=O) groups, using Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Photo-Oxidative Degradation Because there have been many investigations of the outdoor oxidative degradation of natural rubber, considerable information is available on the photo-oxidative...
Abstract
This article discusses the chemical susceptibility of a polymeric material. The discussion covers significant absorption and transportation of an environmental reagent by the polymer; the chemical susceptibility of additives; and thermal degradation, thermal oxidative degradation, photo-oxidative degradation, environmental corrosion, and chemical corrosion of polymers. It also includes some of the techniques used to detect changes in structure during polymer exposure to hostile environments. In addition, the article describes the effects of environment on polymer performance, namely plasticization, solvation, swelling, environmental stress cracking, polymer degradation, surface embrittlement, and temperature effects.
Book Chapter
Chemical Composition
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract The overall chemical composition of metals and alloys is most commonly determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). High-temperature combustion and inert gas fusion methods are typically used to analyze dissolved gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen...
Abstract
The overall chemical composition of metals and alloys is most commonly determined by x-ray fluorescence (XRF) and optical emission spectroscopy (OES). High-temperature combustion and inert gas fusion methods are typically used to analyze dissolved gases (oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen) and, in some cases, carbon and sulfur in metals. This chapter discusses the operating principles of XRF, OES, combustion and inert gas fusion analysis, surface analysis, and scanning auger microprobe analysis. The details of equipment set-up used for chemical composition analysis as well as the capabilities of related techniques of these methods are also covered.
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