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industrial plants
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... are presented in a table. The chapter concludes with varied sources of information pertaining to corrosion and corrosion prevention. corrosion economic impacts industrial plants corrodent corrosion control materials selection coatings corrosion inhibitors cathodic protection corrosion prevention...
Abstract
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties. This chapter describes the effects and economic impact of corrosion in major industrial plants. The emphasis in this chapter, as well as in other chapters in this book, is on aqueous corrosion, or corrosion in environments where water is present. The chapter describes the classification of various forms of corrosion based on the nature of the corrodent, mechanism of corrosion, and appearance of the corroded metal. It discusses five primary methods of corrosion control, namely, material selection, coatings, inhibitors, cathodic protection, and design. Examples of the opportunities in corrosion control and the means to implement a program to capitalize on those opportunities are presented in a table. The chapter concludes with varied sources of information pertaining to corrosion and corrosion prevention.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... plants were sold to Reynolds Metals Company and Kaiser Aluminum and Chemical Company, thus ending the Alcoa monopoly that had existed since 1888. With this new aluminum industry, the old system of identifying alloys was modified. The new system used the 2000 series for aluminum-magnesium alloys. Thus...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of aluminum, its industry growth, and its modern uses in manufacturing. It begins with the biography of Charles Martin Hall, who invented the process for reducing aluminum from its ore. The evolution of aluminum production from the Pittsburgh Reduction Company to a pilot plant on Smallman Street in Pittsburgh, to a production plant in New Kensington, and to Niagara Falls, New York, is then described. This is followed by a discussion on early aluminum applications and the usage of lower-cost raw materials. The chapter provides information on aluminum production process integrated by Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) and the numerous technical problems and solutions related to Alcoa's research from World War I to World War II. The aerospace applications for aluminum alloys are also presented. The chapter concludes with a section on aluminum alloys developed by Alcoa.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
..., the present and future manufacturing productivity in a plant, an industry, or a nation depends not only on the level of investment in new plants and machinery, but also on the level of training and availability of manufacturing engineers and specialists in that plant, industry, or nation. 1.2.4...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... surfaces in use in major industrial plants ultimately leads to loss of plant efficiency and at worst a shutdown. Corrosion and wear damage to materials, both directly and indirectly, costs the United States hundreds of billions of dollars annually. For example, corrosion of metals costs the U.S. economy...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a brief review of the different types of surface treatments and coatings used in industry and their effect on properties and performance. It then discusses the importance of corrosion and wear treatments and the consequences of failing to properly implement them in critical industries such as mining, energy production, transportation, and mineral and chemical processing. The chapter also describes basic approaches to dealing with corrosion and wear in steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030235
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Industries ,” Publication 54, Materials Technology Institute , 2000 32. Degnan T.F. , Mater. Perform. , Vol 26 ( No. 1 ), 1987 , p 11 33. Elliott P. , Why Must History Repeat Itself? , Ind. Corros. , Feb/March 1991 , p 8 34. Elliott P. , Process Plant...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on various factors to be considered at design stage to minimize corrosion. It begins by providing information on design considerations and general corrosion awareness. This is followed by a description of several factors influencing materials-component failure. Details on design and materials selection, which assist in controlling corrosion, are then provided. The chapter ends with a discussion on the design factors that influence corrosion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... in Industrial Plants Using Nondestructive Testing and Electrochemical Methods , STP 908, ASTM , 1986 10.1520/STP908-EB 32. Perkins A. , Monitoring Corrosion , Corrosion Engineering Handbook , Schweitzer P.A. Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc. , 1996 , p 623 – 652 33. Rak G.F...
Abstract
This chapter discusses corrosion prevention methods used with aluminum and its alloys. The methods range from relatively straightforward measures, such as proper handling and storage, to advanced early warning corrosion monitoring systems for military aircraft. The chapter summarizes the basic factors that influence design for corrosion resistance and discusses the use of conversion coatings, organic coatings, porcelain enameling, and electroplating. It also discusses corrosion monitoring methods used in chemical processing and refining industries.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
.... and Labine P. , Corrosion Monitoring in Industrial Plants Using Nondestructive Testing and Electrochemical Methods , STP 908, ASTM , 1986 • Perkins A. , Corrosion Monitoring , Corrosion Engineering Handbook , Schweitzer P.A. , Ed., Marcel Dekker, Inc. , 1996 , p 623 – 652...
Abstract
Corrosion testing and monitoring are powerful tools in the fight to control corrosion. This chapter provides a general overview of three major categories of corrosion tests, namely laboratory tests, pilot-plant tests, and field tests. It begins with brief sections describing the purposes of corrosion tests, the logical steps in a test program, and the preparation and cleaning of test specimens. The focus then moves on to discuss the types and applications of these test categories and the associated evaluation procedures. Excluding electrochemical tests which are addressed separately in this chapter, the other laboratory tests covered under this category are simulated atmosphere tests, salt-spray tests, and immersion tests. Only corrosion testing in the atmosphere is discussed in the section on field tests. Corrosion monitoring techniques are finally considered, covering the characteristics of corrosion monitoring techniques, the factors to be considered in selecting a corrosion-monitoring method, and the strategies in corrosion monitoring.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... raised by various industry and governmental bodies, often in response to major plant incidents. A set of inspection requirements at the time of construction and commissioning was generally required by the design codes with some guidance on periodic inspection once in service. These inspection...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data collection and management, namely data acquisition, reporting, trending, reviewing, and auditing. Capabilities and limitations of in-service inspection techniques are discussed in the Appendix to this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250219
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... to discuss buying steel, but came away determined to build his own minimill to supply five assembly plants ( FIG. 13.2 ). FIG. 13.2 F. Kenneth Iverson, CEO of Nucor, led the minimill industry for the first 25 years. Source: www.aimehq.org . The parent company, Nuclear Corp (Nucor), selected...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the rise of steel minimills in the late 1960s through the leadership of F. Kenneth Iverson and Gerald Heffernan. The discussion covers the development of processes for flat products, flanged beams, and railroad rails. The chapter also covers the growth of the minimill industry along with the consolidation of the industry into large corporations. The chapter ends by providing information on novel processes developed for making iron.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... in the industry since World War II exist only in France and the former Soviet Union. Pilot plants for experimental purposes were set up in many countries of the world, including England. During the World War II period, the total Italian output was approximately double that of the German industry. The German...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of events and developments that helped drive the commercialization of beryllium and its acceptance as an engineering material. It traces the growth of the domestic beryllium industry from its origins in the 1920s to the present time, and provides a status update on the primary beryllium producers throughout the world.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
.... Due to the boom within the integrated steel industry during the 1950s and the forecast for increasing consumption in the future, the industry increased spending to upgrade existing plants and build new facilities. However, much of the new investment went into equipment that quickly became obsolete...
Abstract
This chapter is an account of the various events that led to the decline of the integrated steel industry during the 1950s. These include the steel strike of 1959, the improvements in technology and increase in imports since 1950s, widespread closures of steel companies, the decline of the minimill industry, and the rapid growth of Mittal Steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... interest. Captain Ward was instrumental in building a pilot plant in Wyandotte, outside of Detroit, and William Durfee, cousin to Z.S. Durfee, supervised the operation to produce steel. At this time, America was in a civil war between the industrial north and the agricultural, slaveholding south...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the evolution of steel production from 1870 to 1900. It begins with a review of the life of the inventor of the air-boiling process, William Kelly. This is followed by a discussion on how Bessemer's air-blowing process entered the steel production industry and the development of the Kelly-Bessemer process by Alexander Holley. The chapter then discusses how Andrew Carnegie lowered the cost to produce steel, how he entered the iron and steelmaking industry, and how Captain Billy Jones joined Carnegie to expand Carnegie steel. The chapter further provides information on the great strike of 1892 at Homestead and the rapid growth in steel markets. It ends with a discussion about the factors that led Carnegie to sell his steel empire.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... 20,000. The steel plant housed eight blast furnaces, 47 open-hearth furnaces, hundreds of coke ovens, and rolling mills to produce railroad rails, axles, and bars. Later, sheet and plate mills were installed for the new auto and home appliance industries. As Brian Apelt reported in The Corporation...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the formation and growth of various integrated steel companies from 1901 to 1959, namely the United States Steel Corporation, Bethlehem Steel Corporation, and a few of the notable smaller steel companies. The chapter discusses labor unrest and the growth of organized labor in the steel industry in the twentieth century.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
.... In projects such as refineries, petrochemical plants, paper mills, food and pharmaceutical industries, and the textile industry, boilers are used for power generation and/or for providing process steam and process heat. Because the areas of application of boilers are very diverse, there is a need...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.9781627082877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
...Typical extrusion process checklist Table 5 Typical extrusion process checklist Stretching and sawing checklist Table 6 Stretching and sawing checklist Typical extrusion plant maintenance checklist Table 4 Typical extrusion plant maintenance checklist...
Abstract
This chapter provides guidelines on how to set up and run an effective quality-improvement program for aluminum extrusion operations. It begins by identifying production processes and variables that impact the quality of hard and soft alloy extrusions. It then presents a series of checklists and flowcharts that can be used to monitor and troubleshoot billet-making and extrusion processes, die construction, equipment maintenance, heat treating, and sawing and stretching procedures. It also discusses the importance of charting test results and monitoring surface treatments that may be required to improve corrosion, oxidation, or wear resistance.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
...Abstract Abstract The ability to accurately assess the remaining life of components is essential to the operation of plants and equipment, particularly those in service beyond their design life. This, in turn, requires a knowledge of material failure modes and a proficiency for predicting...
Abstract
The ability to accurately assess the remaining life of components is essential to the operation of plants and equipment, particularly those in service beyond their design life. This, in turn, requires a knowledge of material failure modes and a proficiency for predicting the near and long term effects of mechanical, chemical, and thermal stressors. This chapter presents a broad overview of the types of damage to which materials are exposed at high temperatures and the approaches used to estimate remaining service life. It explains how operating conditions in power plants and oil refineries can cause material-related problems such as embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and oxidation. It also discusses the factors and considerations involved in determining design life, defining failure criteria, and implementing remaining-life-assessment procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... phases ( Ref 5 ). This will initially provide the industry with an option of constructing an advanced plant with hardware designs already available (phase 0), followed by a plant which requires developments but that has an excellent chance of successful completion in a short time period...
Abstract
Increasing the efficiency of power plants by operating at higher temperatures and pressures and adding a double-reheat feature comes at the expense of shortened lifetimes for critical components. This chapter provides an overview of the material-related problems associated with advanced steam plants and their respective solutions. The discussion covers the selection of materials on a component-specific basis for boilers as well as steam turbines.
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
...Abstract Abstract This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service...
Abstract
This chapter reviews weld corrosion in three key application areas: petroleum refining and petrochemical operations, boiling water reactor piping systems, and components used in pulp and paper plants. The discussion of each area addresses general design and service characteristics, types of weld corrosion issues, and prevention or mitigation strategies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250129
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... and other evidence from work at the BOM in Boulder City, Wright-Patterson Air Force Laboratories, and the Army Ordnance Department at Watertown Arsenal provided the foundation for promoting a new industry based on titanium. The BOM in Boulder City needed financial help in 1947 to continue pilot plant...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of the history of development of titanium and its modern applications in the aerospace market. It begins by discussing the attempts made to produce titanium metal. This is followed by a discussion on the invention of a process for making titanium by William Kroll. Various studies on the properties on titanium and research programs related to the production of titanium sponge and titanium metal products are then described. The chapter concludes with a discussion of titanium use in jet engines.