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Book Chapter
History of Brazing
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t5123000x
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... produces a liquid phase, which fuses the silver sheets to the copper plate. This material is then rolled down to a thinner sheet, and this was exploited by the industrial pioneer Matthew Boulton in the second half of the 18th century as a cheap substitute for solid silver in domestic wares...
Abstract
This chapter briefly reviews the history of brazing from ancient times to the early 20th century.
Book Chapter
Filler Metals for Carat Gold and Hallmark Silver Jewelry
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... carat gold solders. brazing carat filler metals gold alloys gold jewelry gold solders silver jewelry silverware BRAZES FOR JEWELRY, silverware, and objets d’art merit separate consideration from industrial brazing alloys because, in addition to providing joints that are mechanically...
Abstract
Brazes for carat gold jewelry must meet or exceed the fineness/caratage of the component piece parts of the assembly in order for it to meet the national fineness/caratage standards and marking or hallmarking regulations for jewelry. This chapter concentrates on brazes for gold jewelry. It provides understanding of the metallurgy of gold jewelry alloys and includes a discussion of brazes for carat gold jewelry. The chapter also provides information on traditional gold jewelry brazes, the target properties of filler metals for carat gold jewelry and describes the characteristics of novel 22 carat gold solders.
Book Chapter
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... zirconium hafnium beryllium lead tin gold silver platinum fusible alloys industrial applications expansion characteristics chemical properties A NUMBER of miscellaneous nonferrous metals and their alloys are covered in this chapter. Zirconium and hafnium are reactive metals that are used...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the compositions, properties, and applications of nonferrous metals, including zirconium, hafnium, beryllium, lead, tin, gold, silver, and platinum group metals. It also addresses fusible alloys and provides melting temperatures for several compositions.
Book Chapter
Noble Metal Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170550
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... to oxidation and sulfidation (i.e., to tarnish). This combination of properties has given gold and its alloys traditional applications in the jewelry and dental fields as well as a number of important industrial uses. Jewelry Alloys Gold and its alloys are the most popular of the jewelry metals...
Abstract
This article discusses the compositions, properties, and uses of silver, gold, and platinum group metals, including platinum, rhodium, iridium, ruthenium, and osmium. It describes the role of various alloying elements and explains how they affect physical, mechanical, and electrical properties as well as corrosion resistance.
Book Chapter
Thin Film Deposition Techniques—An Overview
Available to PurchaseBook: Introduction to Thin Film Deposition Techniques: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.itfdtktmse.t56060001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-440-6
... of a highly adherent, continuous aluminum thin film that adds corrosion protection to steel. Developed by the aerospace industry as a replacement for more hazardous corrosion-resistance coatings such as cadmium plating, IVD aluminum is still applied to many military components ( Ref 5 ). Ion plating may...
Abstract
This chapter presents the theory and practice associated with the application of thin films. The first half of the chapter describes physical deposition processes in which functional coatings are deposited on component surfaces using mechanical, electromechanical, or thermodynamic techniques. Physical vapor deposition (PVD) techniques include sputtering, e-beam evaporation, arc-PVD, and ion plating and are best suited for elements and compounds with moderate melting points or when a high-purity film is required. The remainder of the chapter covers chemical vapor deposition (CVD) processes, including atomic layer deposition, plasma-enhanced and plasma-assisted CVD, and various forms of vapor-phase epitaxy, which are commonly used for compound films or when deposit purity is less critical. A brief application overview is also presented.
Book Chapter
Discovering Metals—A Historical Overview
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... Jordan 5000–3000 B.C. Chalcolithic period: melting of copper; experimentation with smelting Near East 3000–1500 B.C. Bronze Age: arsenical copper and tin bronze alloys Near East 3000–2500 B.C. Lost-wax casting of small objects Near East 2500 B.C. Granulation of gold and silver...
Abstract
The discovery and use of materials have shaped civilization since ancient times. This chapter traces the history of the use of metals from hammered copper estimated to be 11,000 years old to the development of electrolytically refined aluminum in 1884. The discussion covers the advent of the Bronze Age, extraction of metals from their respective ores, and the discovery of modern metals such as chromium, vanadium, platinum, and titanium.
Book Chapter
The Role of Materials in Defining Process Constraints
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... of the solder. In the semiconductor and optoelectronic industries, platinum overlaid with a gold flash is a frequent choice of wettable metallization. Thin-film deposition equipment with a platinum sputtering source is often readily available, and the materials cost is insignificant compared to the process...
Abstract
This chapter considers the materials and processing aspects of soldering and the manner in which these interrelate in the development of joining processes. It discusses the processes involved in eliminating or suppressing metallurgical and mechanical constraints as well as constraints imposed by the components.
Book Chapter
Tribological Properties of Stainless Steel and Other Corrosion-Resisting Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... are expensive: Au at $1226, Ag at $15, and Pt at $847 per ounce on August 15, 2018. Unfortunately, these metals have industrial importance; there are essential technologies that depend on them. Gold is often necessary for electrical contacts. Silver has many uses in plating processes, and platinum can...
Abstract
This chapter covers the tribological properties of stainless steel and other corrosion-resistant alloys. It describes the metallurgy and microstructure of the basic types of stainless steel and their suitability for friction and wear applications and in environments where they are subjected to liquid, droplet, and solid particle erosion. It also discusses the tribology of nickel- and cobalt-base alloys as well as titanium, zinc, tin, aluminum, magnesium, beryllium, graphite, and different types of wood.
Book
Introduction to Thin Film Deposition Techniques: Key Topics in Materials Science and Engineering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 January 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.itfdtktmse.9781627084406
EISBN: 978-1-62708-440-6
Book Chapter
Advances in Soldering Technology
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... conductivity (77 W/m · K) than high-lead solders, lower thermal expansivity (20 × 10 –6 /K), and, moreover, foil can be produced by hot rolling at 250 °C (482 °F). Fluxless attachment of gold-metallized silicon die to silver-plated copper leadframes has been demonstrated with this solder using a die-bonding...
Abstract
This chapter presents several materials and processes related to soldering technology. It first provides information on lead-free solders, followed by sections devoted to flip-chip processes, diffusion soldering, and modeling. Scanning acoustic microscopy and fine-focus x-ray techniques are also discussed. The chapter describes several evaluation procedures and tests developed to measure solderability and standards for process calibration. The chapter also describes the characteristics of reinforced solders, amalgams used as solders, and other strategies to boost the strength of solders. Further, the chapter considers methods for quantifying the mechanical integrity of joints and predicting their dimensional stability under specified environmental conditions. It discusses the effects of rare earth elements on the properties of solders. The chapter concludes with information on advanced joint characterization techniques.
Book Chapter
Solders and Their Metallurgy
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... a melting range of 309 to 347 °C (588 to 657 °F), has been proposed as a hard solder for die-attach applications in the electronics industry [ Shimizu et al. 1999 ]. Flux pastes of zinc-base solders have also been developed [ Noguchi 1999 ]. 2.1.4 Gold-Bearing Solders Gold is unusual...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview and survey of solder alloy systems. Extensive reference is made to phase diagrams and their interpretation. The chapter describes the effect of metallic impurities on different solders. The chapter concludes with a review of the key characteristics of eutectic alloys and of the factors most effective at depressing the melting point of solders by eutectic alloying.
Book Chapter
Selected Sources of Information: Corrosion Properties of Materials and Corrosion Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... by the Corrodkote Procedure • B 457, Method for Measurement of Impedance of Anodic Coatings on Aluminum • B 537, Practice for Rating of Electroplated Panels Subjected to Atmospheric Exposure • B 577, Test Methods for Hydrogen Embrittlement of Copper • B 583, Test Methods for Porosity in Gold...
Abstract
This appendix is a comprehensive collection of selected sources related to corrosion properties of materials and corrosion testing.
Book Chapter
Forensic Failure Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... and accidents to engineering structures involve a combination of component malfunction and mismanagement. In many such situations, both types of inquiry are necessary. Industrial machinery and structures are made of materials, mostly metallic. As seen in earlier chapters, when these structures fail...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of failure analysis in cases involving product liability, property damage, and personal injury litigation. It also explains how material science and technology shed light on criminal activities such as smuggling, counterfeiting, theft, and the willful destruction of property.
Book Chapter
Brazes and Their Metallurgy
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
... used almost exclusively in the jewelry industry. These alloys, known as carat gold “solders” by the trade, were developed to provide goldsmiths with a wide range of relatively low melting point brazes that match the gold content and, especially, the color of carat jewelry alloys. Further details...
Abstract
This chapter presents an overview of families of brazing alloys that one is likely to encounter in a manufacturing environment. It discusses the metallurgical aspects of brazing and includes a survey of brazing alloy systems. A discussion of deleterious and beneficial impurities is provided with examples. The chapter also describes the application of phase diagrams to brazing.
Book Chapter
The Discovery of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... in England in the development of ironmaking. industrial revolution ironmaking metal discovery The history of metals in America started in antiquity when man discovered particles of gold, silver, and copper in riverbeds where they had washed down from the mountains. These particles of soft metals...
Abstract
This chapter provides an account of the pre-Columbian history of metal discovery in America and then reviews the development of metallurgy in the Middle Ages from early wrought iron practices to the use of coke in iron casting. It discusses the influence of the family of Abraham Darby in England in the development of ironmaking.
Book Chapter
Background and Method of Treatment
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... in the early 12th century, treats wire drawing as an established art. He refers to steel dies used for drawing a tin-lead alloy, and to oak dies for smoothing hammered gold and silver wire. Iron and steel plates bearing a number of holes, connected with a surface channel, have been identified by many...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of the history of metal working processes, the use of lubricants, and the study of friction and wear. It also explains how the book is organized and describes the method of treatment used by the authors.
Book Chapter
Selected Manufacturers, Suppliers, Services
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...-7652 ISO 9002, full-line center. Inventory of sheet, plates, bars, tubing, forgings Aerotech Industries P.O. Box 2186 St. James, NY 11780-2186 Tel: 800-725-6556 Fax: 631-584-8203 Specialists in nonstandard items, including titanium bars, rods, wire, forgings, tubing/pipes, plates, sheets...
Abstract
This appendix includes contact information for titanium manufacturers, suppliers, and service providers.
Book Chapter
Nonferrous Metals—A Variety of Possibilities
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
...; its color, yellow, is maintained in air or when heated. Gold is usually alloyed to increase its hardness, because chemically pure gold is simply too soft for use in common applications such as jewelry. The greatest use of gold is in jewelry and the arts. Industrial usage (mainly in electronics...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.9781627082877
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
Book Chapter
Strengthening and Heat Treatment of Aluminum
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340035
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... hardening with appropriate alloying and heat treatment. aluminum alloys heat treatment precipitation hardening softening solid-solution hardening strengthening work hardening Major alloying elements in aluminum and alloy type THE INTERNATIONAL ALUMINUM industry has an agreed-upon...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the alloy and temper designations adopted for aluminum cast and wrought products. It explains the naming system and how to identify the main alloying elements and basic strengthening mechanism from any given alloy and temper designation. The chapter provides additional detail on the strengthening and softening mechanisms that allow aluminum alloys to attain a range of engineering properties. The strength of aluminum alloys can be controlled by three methods: solid-solution hardening by alloying, work hardening by plastic deformation, and precipitation hardening with appropriate alloying and heat treatment.
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