The machinery and equipment required for rod and tube extrusion is determined by the specific extrusion process. This chapter provides a detailed description of the design requirements and principles of machinery and equipment for direct and indirect hot extrusion. It then covers the presses and auxiliary equipment for tube extrusion, induction furnaces for billet processing, handling systems for copper and aluminum alloy products, extrusion cooling systems, and age-hardening ovens. Next, the chapter describes the principles and applications of equipment for the production of aluminum and copper billets. Then, it focuses on process control in both direct and indirect hot extrusion of aluminum alloys without lubrication. The chapter describes the technology of electrical and electronic controls in the extrusion process. It ends with a discussion on the factors that influence the productivity and quality of the products in the extrusion process and methods for process optimization.

This chapter provides a brief overview of iron and steel manufacturing and the major equipment involved in the process as well as identifying where casting fits into the overall process. In addition, it provides an overview of cast iron manufacturing, including the processes involved in converting pig iron into cast iron and steel.

This chapter provides an overview of the types of melting furnaces and refractories for steel casting. It then presents information about arc furnace melting and induction melting cycles. The chapter also describes methods for the removal of phosphorous, the removal of sulfur, and the recovery of elements from slag. It then presents an overview of argon-oxygen-decarburization (AOD) refining and types of ladles. The chapter describes chemical analysis that is performed using either optical emission or x-ray spectrographs.

The detailed heating requirements for specific applications must be considered before construction and implementation of any induction heating process. These requirements may include considerations such as type of heating, throughput and heating time, workpiece material, peak temperature, and so forth. The major applications of induction technology include through heating, surface heating (for surface heat treatment), metal melting, welding, brazing, and soldering. This chapter summarizes the selection of equipment and related design considerations for these applications.

Electromagnetic induction, or simply "induction," is a method of heating electrically conductive materials such as metals. It is commonly used for heating workpieces prior to metalworking and in heat treating, welding, and melting. This technique also lends itself to various other applications involving packaging and curing of resins and coatings. This chapter provides a brief review of the history of induction heating and discusses its applications and advantages.

This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.