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induction coils
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.9781627083119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... an engineer, by simply adapting the shape of the induction coil, to ensure the desired shape of the hardened profile of the surface layer. Likewise, the engineer can surface harden only that part of the surface (local hardening) on which a certain increased level of hardness and wear resistance are...
Abstract
Induction heating, in most applications, is used to selectively heat only a portion of the workpiece that requires treatment. This chapter covers the basic principles, features, and metallurgical aspects of induction heating. The discussion includes the conditions required for induction heating and quenching, the use of magnetic flux concentrators to improve the efficiency of surface heating, and the quenching systems used for induction hardening. The discussion also provides information on time-temperature dependence in induction heating, workpiece distortion in induction surface hardening, residual stresses after induction surface hardening and finish grinding, and input and output control of steel for induction surface hardening of gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... imparts some degree of toughness to the hard case. Any electrically conducting material can be heated by electromagnetic induction. As alternating current flows through the inductor, or work coil (which does not contact the workpiece), a highly concentrated, rapidly alternating magnetic field is...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes involved in heat treating of stainless steels, providing information on the classification, chemical compositions, and corrosion resistance of stainless steels. Five groups of stainless steels are discussed: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation-hardening, and duplex grades. The chapter also describes the heat treatment conditions that should be followed for processing of stainless steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
..., namely, common mode choke coil and surface mount powder choke coil. capacitors failure analysis failure modes inductors General construction of Tantalum, Aluminum electrolytic, Multi-layer Ceramics, Film, and Super capacitors and Common Mode Choke and Surface Mount inductors are explained...
Abstract
Passive components can be broadly divided into capacitors, resistors, and inductors. Failure analysis of these components helps determine the root cause and improve the overall quality and reliability of the electronic systems. This article describes different failure analysis approaches used for these components. It discusses different types of capacitors along with their constructions and failure modes. The types include tantalum, aluminum electrolytic, multi-layered ceramics, film, and super capacitors. The article then provides a discussion on the two common types of inductors, namely, common mode choke coil and surface mount powder choke coil.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... high-speed vacuum system ( Fig. 6 ). The heart of the furnace is the crucible ( Fig. 7 ) with heating and cooling coils and refractory lining. Heating is done by electric current that passes through a set of induction coils. The coils are made from copper tubing that is cooled by water flowing through...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes, procedures, and equipment used in the production of iron, steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It describes the design and operation of melting and refining furnaces, including blast furnaces, basic oxygen and electric arc furnaces, vacuum induction melting furnaces, and electroslag and vacuum arc remelting furnaces. It also covers casting, rolling, and annealing procedures and describes the basic steps in aluminum and titanium production.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... by application of current to the induction coils surrounding the refractory crucible. When the virgin material has been completely melted (all molten), it out-gasses. The outgassing is monitored until it is complete. At that point, the reactive and revert additions may be made, bringing the charge to...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the melting and conversion of superalloys and the solidification challenges they present. Superalloys have high solute content which can lead to untreatable defects if they solidify too slowly. These defects, called freckles, are highly detrimental to fatigue life. The chapter explains how and why freckles form as well as how they can be prevented. It describes the criteria for selecting the proper melting method for specific alloys based on melt segregation and chemistry requirements. It compares standard processes, including electric arc furnace/argon oxygen decarburization melting, vacuum induction melting, vacuum arc remelting, and electroslag remelting. It also addresses related issues such as consumable remelt quality, control anomalies, melt pool characteristics, and melt-related defects, and includes a section that discusses the processes involved in converting cast ingots into mill products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... warrant the relatively high equipment cost and the need for special induction coils. Considerable variation in the hardness of the cast irons may be expected because of a variation in the combined carbon content. A minimum combined carbon content of 0.40 to 0.50% C (as pearlite) is recommended for...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of heat treating techniques for cast irons (gray and ductile), providing the reader with a basic understanding of the differences among various types of cast irons and the concept of carbon equivalent. The types of heat treatments discussed are stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, surface hardening, quenching, martempering, austempering, and flame and induction hardening.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... Abstract This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola...
Abstract
This chapter covers the practices and procedures used for shape casting metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the factors that influence solidification and contribute to the formation of casting defects. It then describes basic melting methods, including induction, cupola, crucible, and vacuum melting, and common casting techniques such as sand casting, plaster and shell casting, evaporative pattern casting, investment casting, permanent mold casting, cold and hot chamber die casting, squeeze casting, semisolid metal processing, and centrifugal casting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... distortion or warpage. It is often used where small quantities of parts require hardening, the part is large and bulky, or the heat treating facilities are limited. In induction hardening, heat is supplied by surrounding the part with an inductor coil carrying a high-frequency current in the range of 2...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes used in manufacturing to thermally alter the properties of metals and alloys. It begins with a review of the iron-carbon system, the factors that affect hardenability, and the use of continuous cooling transformation diagrams. It then explains how various steels respond to heat treatments, such as annealing, normalizing, spheroidizing, tempering, and direct and interrupted quenching, and surface-hardening processes, such as flame and induction hardening, carburizing, nitriding, and carbonitriding. It also addresses the issue of temper embrittlement and discusses the effect of precipitation hardening on aluminum and other alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... addition, the chapter includes information on processes involved in induction heating of steel. annealing decarburization furnace equipment microstructure normalizing scaling ANNEALING is a generic term denoting a treatment, consisting of heating and holding at a suitable temperature...
Abstract
This chapter describes the general characteristics of major types of steel annealing, including the process of normalization, which is a process that refines or normalizes the microstructure of steel. The first part of the chapter begins with an overview of the three-stage process of recovery, recrystallization, and grain growth. This is followed by discussions on annealing processes, namely subcritical annealing, critical-range annealing, full annealing, isothermal annealing, annealing for microstructure, and solution or quench annealing. Next, the chapter describes two undesirable reactions that occur during annealing: decarburization and scaling. Information on the gases and gas mixtures used for controlled atmospheres is then provided. The second part of the chapter focuses on the processes involved in normalizing, along with information on furnace equipment for normalizing. In addition, the chapter includes information on processes involved in induction heating of steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... tempering temperature without heating the remainder of the part to this temperature. Induction heating coils, flame heads, and immersion in salt baths are employed to achieve this selective heating. Induction and flame techniques generally are used in high-volume production applications and are easiest to...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes involved in the heat treatment of steel, namely austenitizing, hardening, quenching, and tempering. It begins with an overview of austenitizing of steels by induction heating, followed by a discussion on the processes involved in transformation of the soft austenite into martensite or lower bainite in the hardening operation. The chapter provides information on various quenching systems and a description of quenching techniques, namely austempering, martempering, and patenting. Difficulties associated with hardening of steel are discussed. Further, the chapter describes the equipment used for and principal variables of tempering. It discusses the causes for various forms of embrittlement due to tempering. Information on multiple tempering, protective-atmosphere tempering, and selective tempering are also provided, along with processes involved in selection of tempering temperature. The chapter ends with a section discussing various effects, advantages, and disadvantages of precipitation hardening.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
..., and laws of friction are introduced as a group of subjects that have been considered in the case studies. Added factors that were evaluated in the case studies are: Crankshaft underfill: induction coil inside diameter and stock diameter, equivalent current depth and subsequent time for...
Abstract
This article presents six case studies of failures with steel forgings. The case studies covered are crankshaft underfill; tube bending; spade bit; trim tear; upset forging; and avoidance of flow through, lap, and crack. The case studies illustrate difficulties encountered in either cold forging or hot forging in terms of preforge factors and/or discontinuities generated by the forging process. Supporting topics that are discussed in the case studies include validity checks for buster and blocker design, lubrication and wear, mechanical surface phenomenon, forging process design, and forging tolerances. Wear, plastic deformation processes, and laws of friction are introduced as a group of subjects that have been considered in the case studies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... how an impedance bridge is balanced that is important, but rather how it is unbalanced by the effects of a flaw. Another type of bridge system is an induction bridge, in which the power signal is transformer coupled into an inspection coil and a reference coil. In addition, the entire inductance...
Abstract
Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface flaw detection techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... brazing process heating methods Method Characteristics Capital cost Running cost Basic output Flux required Versatility Operator skill required Torch (flame) L/M M/H L Yes H Yes Electrical resistance M M M/H Yes L No Induction M/H M M/H Y/N M No Furnace...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720321
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... magnet. A longitudinal section of one type of eddy current coil assembly is shown in Fig. 8 , and a more detailed drawing of the rotating coil setup is shown in Table 4 . Fig. 8 Coil assembly for the inspection of steel bars by the eddy current system. Dimensions in inches. Source: Ref 1...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the inspection of steel bars for the detection and evaluation of flaws. The principles involved also apply, for the most part, to the inspection of steel wire. The nondestructive inspection methods discussed include magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and electromagnetic inspection. Eddy current and magnetic permeability are also covered.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... surface. In high-frequency induction welding, heating current is induced in the work through an external induction coil, and no physical or electrical contact between the workpiece and the power supply is needed ( Fig. 4.9 ). Fig. 4.9 Joining a tube seam by high-frequency induction welding. Source...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fusion welding processes, namely oxyfuel gas welding, oxyacetylene braze welding, stud welding (stud arc welding and capacitor discharge stud welding), high-frequency welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, hybrid laser arc welding, and thermit welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... of a metallic susceptor produces superior joint strengths. A typical induction setup uses an induction coil to generate an electromagnetic field that results in heating due to eddy currents in the conductive susceptor and/or hysteresis losses in the susceptor. Susceptor materials that have been...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... component specification. Examples are DC-DC-converters, inductive coupling devices (sometimes replacing optocouplers) and relay coils. Table 1 shows typical inductances of components frequently used in electronic circuitry. Table 1 Typical inductances in automotive electronic circuitry...
Abstract
Root cause of failure in automotive electronics cannot be explained by the failure signatures of failed devices. Deeper investigations in these cases reveals that a superimposition of impact factors, which can never be represented by usual qualification testing, caused the failure. This article highlights some of the most frequent early life failure types in automotive applications. It describes some of the critical things to be considered while handling packages and printed circuit board layout. The article also provides information on failure anamnesis that shows how to use history, failure signatures, environmental conditions, regional failure occurrences, user profile issues, and more in the failure analysis process to improve root cause findings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... coil used and with this frequency, the skin depth is calculated to vary as shown in Fig. 17.4 . Fig. 17.4 Induction heating skin depths for ferrite at 20 and 700 °C (70 and 1290 °F) and for austenite and ferrite at 800 °C (1470 °F) as a function of the current through the work coil The...
Abstract
The design requirements for mechanical shafts, pinions, and gears often call for features with very hard surfaces (to resist wear) based on a softer core (to avoid brittle fracture). This chapter explains how to selectively harden steel by diffusing carbon and nitrogen atoms into the outer surface layers. It discusses several such surface-hardening processes, including carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... oxygen precipitates as oxides in the solid state. Vacuum induction melting (VIM) is another method of melting stainless steels. This is a nearly slag-free process, and little refining is possible. Melt purity is largely controlled by the purity of the starting material, and use of AOD master melt...
Abstract
This article discusses the steps in the primary processing of stainless steels: melting, refining, remelting, casting, and hot rolling. It provides information of the major categories of defects in hot rolled stainless steels, namely hot mill defects, inclusion-related defects, and hot ductility-related defects.