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in-process inspection
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
.... The steps include selecting proper material and design of the part being treated; determining whether the process is capable of heat treatment; using statistical process control, control charting, and in-process inspection and testing; and applying statistical quality control and final testing (sampling...
Abstract
A successful heat treating operation is determined by the ability to satisfy the customer's quality requirements consistently and economically. This chapter reviews the steps that are important to produce quality parts in heat treating with a brief practical explanation of each. The steps include selecting proper material and design of the part being treated; determining whether the process is capable of heat treatment; using statistical process control, control charting, and in-process inspection and testing; and applying statistical quality control and final testing (sampling) to verify the results.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980551
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... production sequences and testing for robustness and retention of knowledge is performed. Phase 7: Internal audits according to ISO 9000 lend themselves to monitoring the process. Complementing the normal audits of system audits, product audits, and process audits, self-inspection audits, interface...
Abstract
The aim of every extrusion plant is the efficient production of competitive products that meet the appropriate quality requirements. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the selection and introduction of a quality management system, along with its application, advantages, and disadvantages. It describes the process chain for order processing within the quality circle and provides information on product liability legal issues. In addition, the chapter discusses the processes involved in quality control, along with its organization, responsibilities, audits, and testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200078
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
...” is the basis by which the casting supplier will be judged. To avoid misunderstandings, reduce costs, and expedite the processing of quotations, the following information should be clearly presented in an inquiry: Material and inspection requirements . ASTM or other nationally recognized...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... magnetic. Aluminum Alloy Forgings Common surface discontinuities in aluminum alloy forgings are laps, folds, chops, cracks, flow-throughs, and suck-ins ( Fig. 6 and 7 ). The generation of these discontinuities is associated with the forging operation, processing practices, or design. Cracks can...
Abstract
In forgings of both ferrous and nonferrous metals, the flaws that most often occur are caused by conditions that exist in the ingot, by subsequent hot working of the ingot or the billet, and by hot or cold working during forging. The inspection methods most commonly used to detect these flaws include visual, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, eddy current, and radiographic inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the characteristics, process steps, applications, advantages, and limitations of these methods. It also describes the flaws caused by the forging operation and the principal factors that influence the selection of a nondestructive inspection method for forgings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... often provides a useful supplement. For example, when the eddy current examination of process tubing is performed, visual inspection is often performed to verify and more closely examine the surface disturbance. In some instances, acid etching (macroetching) can be used to reveal structures that would...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the various inspection methods used with metals and alloys, namely visual inspection, coordinate measuring machines, machine vision, hardness testing, tensile testing, chemical analysis, metallography, and nondestructive testing. The nondestructive testing methods discussed are liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic testing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110603
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... inspection followed by material evaluation and characterization. These processes are typically followed by evaluation of the packages to identify defects, degradations, and failure mechanisms that are caused by the processes (e.g., cleaning, solder dipping of leads, reballing) used in creating counterfeit...
Abstract
Most of the counterfeit parts detected in the electronics industry are either novel or surplus parts or salvaged scrap parts. This article begins by discussing the type of parts used to create counterfeits. It discusses the three most commonly used methods used by counterfeiters to create counterfeits. These include relabeling, refurbishing, and repackaging. The article presents a systematic inspection methodology that can be applied for detecting signs of possible part modifications. The methodology consists of external visual inspection, marking permanency tests, and X-ray inspection followed by material evaluation and characterization. These processes are typically followed by evaluation of the packages to identify defects, degradations, and failure mechanisms that are caused by the processes (e.g., cleaning, solder dipping of leads, reballing) used in creating counterfeit parts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... is also used to determine wall thickness in such components as cored turbine blades made by investment casting. New developments in visual inspection procedures for examining component appearance are mainly based on vision systems that use electronic cameras coupled to computer-assisted image processing...
Abstract
The inspection of castings normally involves checking for shape and dimensions, coupled with aided and unaided visual inspection for external discontinuities and surface quality. This chapter discusses methods for determining surface quality, internal discontinuities, and dimensional inspection. Casting defects including porosity, oxide films, inclusions, hot tears, metal penetration, and surface defects are reviewed. Liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, and leak testing for castings are discussed. The chapter provides information on the procedures involved in the inspection of castings that are limited to visual and dimensional inspections, weight testing, and hardness testing. It also discusses the use of computer equipment in foundry inspection operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data collection and management, namely data acquisition, reporting, trending, reviewing, and auditing. Capabilities and limitations of in-service inspection techniques are discussed in the Appendix to this chapter.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... Abstract Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface...
Abstract
Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface flaw detection techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided. imperfections weld discontinuities welding DISCONTINUITIES are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld...
Abstract
Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... of sections, and accuracy of dimensions. Most inspection standards are concerned with these attributes. Often the designer is unfamiliar with the foundry process and may specify a quality level higher than the design demands. A more favorable price and delivery can be obtained by first selecting...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of standards and specifications for steel castings. It defines specifications and discusses how certification, testing, examination, methods, practices, procedures, compositions, properties, facilities, statistical process control, and documentation relate to codes and standards. The chapter describes processes involved in the selection of specifications for steel castings. Further, it provides information on the cost of specifications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... depth hardness testing induction hardening inspection nondestructive testing INSPECTION IS required in order to provide assurance of conformance to process specifications. This chapter covers both the relevant standards and practices and the inspection techniques for induction-hardened parts...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
...-treating practices. The essentials of an effective control program include: An independent quality assurance department Standards of quality that reflect customer needs Written procedures covering all phases of the heat treating process, starting with prototype qualification through inspection...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... and the inability of such methods to accurately predict the quality of those joints that were not inspected. Weldments Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. Therefore, each process, as well as the discontinuities typical...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
...-Process Flow Diagram Figure 10.1 is an example of the product-process flow diagram for guidance. The four process symbols used to represent each stage of the product flow are: ◊ = Operation ○ = Part movement □ = Inspection △ = Storage Fig. 10.1 (Part 1) Product process flow...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of various factors pertinent to the development and launch of a product. It begins by describing the five phases in the product launch process, namely product design and development, process design and development, product and process validation, product launch, and continuous improvement. This is followed by sections covering product-process flow diagrams and also the process elements considered for process failure mode and effects analysis. Some of the aspects covered by the engineering specifications to meet the product performance requirements are then reviewed. Details on product validation requirements and definitions of parameters related to the launch process are also provided. The chapter discusses the purpose of manufacturing control plan, along with an illustration of a manufacturing control plan outlined for a safety-critical suspension casting. It ends with an overview of the contents of a program launch manual.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
..., cannot be matched by human vision or other sensor or inspection technologies. Machine Vision Process To understand the capabilities and limitations of machine vision, it is useful to examine how a machine vision system operates. The key components of a machine vision system are shown in Fig. 2...
Abstract
Machine vision is a means of simulating the image recognition and analysis capabilities of the human eye/brain system with electronic and electromechanical techniques. This chapter discusses four basic steps in the machine vision process, namely image formation, image preprocessing, image analysis, and image interpretation. Details of the processes involved, equipment used, and the factors to be considered are also presented. In addition, the applications of machine vision are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
.... Fig. 15-7 Air carbon-arc electrode and electrical contact handle, used for metal removal Welding During the finishing processes the castings are inspected by visual and/or non-destructive methods to identify any areas which do not comply with specified quality standards. Based on economics...
Abstract
After pouring, castings are allowed to solidify and cool. They are later removed from the molds in the shakeout operation. A series of activities then follow, which are generally referred to as finishing and heat treatment. These activities can be broadly categorized as shakeout, abrasive blast cleaning, removal of risers, ingates, and discontinuities, rough inspection, removal of discontinuities, finishing welding, heat treatment, and final visual, dimensional, and NDT inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on these activities.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200220
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... with the intended service, the function of the component, and the consequences of component failure. The quality control program involves not only the inspection of the product, but also the process steps which affect the product quality. These process steps are carefully specified, and monitoring...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110016
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... handled during sample preparation. This method is particularly ideal for the devices that requires backside emission analysis. Figure 8 Milling and repackaging process for backside emission analysis on the failing die in MCP devices. IR Inspection on Wafer Level CSPs WLCSP is the fastest...
Abstract
Since the introduction of chip scale packages (CSPs) in the early 90s, they have continuously increased their market share due to their advantages of small form factor, cost effectiveness and PCB optimization. The reduced package size brings challenges in performing failure analysis. This article provides an overview of CSPs and their classification as well as their advantages and applications, and reveals some of the challenges in performing failure analysis on CSPs, particularly for CSPs in special package configurations such as stacked die multi-chip-packages (MCPs) and wafer level CSPs (WLCSPs). The discussion covers special requirements of CSPs such as precision decapsulation for fine ball grid array packages, accessing the failing die for MCP packages, and careful handling for WLCSP. Solutions and best practices are shared on how to overcome these challenges. The article also presents a few case studies to demonstrate how failure analysis work on CSPs can be successfully completed.
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... examination, Fourier transform infrared analysis to check for silicone or other contaminants, process review ...