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Book Chapter
Ceramic Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... are similar and overlap other ceramic matrix composites. A relative comparison of C-C with other ceramic matrix composites is given in Table 21.1 . For high-temperature applications, C-C composites offer exceptional thermal stability at greater than 4000 °F (2205 °C) in nonoxidizing atmospheres, along...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of fibers and matrix materials used in ceramic matrix composites and the role of interfacial coatings. It describes the methods used to produce ceramic composites, including powder processing, slurry infiltration and consolidation, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, chemical vapor infiltration, directed metal oxidation, and liquid silicon infiltration.
Book Chapter
Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. The advantage of ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites is that they can operate reliably at very high temperatures in harsh environments ( Fig. 11.4 ). The need for high-temperature materials spans the range of industries, from aerospace to pulp...
Abstract
Ceramic-matrix composites possess many of the desirable qualities of monolithic ceramics, but are much tougher because of the reinforcements. This chapter explains how reinforcements are used in ceramic-matrix composites and how they alter energy-dissipating mechanisms and load-carrying behaviors. It compares the stress-strain curves for monolithic ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites, noting improvements afforded by the addition of reinforcements. It then goes on to discuss the key attributes, properties, and applications of discontinuously reinforced ceramic composites, continuous fiber ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. It also describes a number of ceramic-matrix composite processing methods, including cold pressing and sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, directed metal oxidation, and liquid, vapor, and polymer infiltration.
Book Chapter
Introduction and Uses of Lightweight Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... are the oldest and most mature of the ceramic-matrix composites. They were developed in the 1950s for use as rocket motor casings, heat shields, leading edges, and thermal protection ( Fig. 1.25 ). The most recognized application is the Space Shuttle leading edges. For high-temperature applications, carbon...
Abstract
Engineers have many materials to choose from when dealing with weight-related design constraints. The list includes aluminum, beryllium, magnesium, and titanium alloys as well as engineering plastics, structural ceramics, and polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix composites. This chapter provides a brief overview of these lightweight materials, discussing their primary advantages along with their properties, behaviors, and limitations.
Book Chapter
Special Materials: Polymers, Bone, Ceramics, and Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... and ceramic fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites. bone cyclic loading ceramics fatigue crack growth fatigue modeling fatigue properties fatigue test polymers Introduction In this chapter we consider several classes of materials that are of special interest: polymers, bone, ceramics...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of fatigue on polymers, ceramics, composites, and bone. It begins with a general comparison of polymers and metals, noting important differences in microstructure and cyclic loading response. It then presents the results of several studies that shed light on the fatigue behavior and crack growth mechanisms of common structural polymers and moves on from there to discuss the fatigue behavior of bone and how it compares to stable and cyclically softening metals. It also discusses the fatigue characteristics of engineered and composited ceramics and ceramic fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites.
Book Chapter
Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... demanding high-temperature composites are necessary. The tensile strength of 20 vol% TiC in a matrix of nickel-base 718 alloy has been shown to be greatly improved over that of the monolithic 718 alloy between temperatures of 650 and 1100 °C (1200 and 2000 °F). Iron-base materials systems reinforced...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites can operate at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and, unlike polymer-matrix composites, are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and resist attack by solvents and fuels. They can also be tailored to provide greater strength and stiffness, among other properties, in preferred directions and locations. This chapter discusses the processes and procedures used in the production of fiber-reinforced aluminum and titanium metal-matrix composites. It explains how the length and orientation of reinforcing fibers affect the properties and processing characteristics of both aluminum and titanium composites. It also provides information on fiber-metal laminates and the use of different matrix metals and reinforcing materials.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Composite Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... that are more amenable to continuous fibers. In general, because metal and ceramic matrix composites require very high temperatures and sometimes high pressures for processing, they are normally much more expensive than polymer matrix composites. However, they have much better thermal stability, a requirement...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basic aspects of composite materials. It describes the arrangement, form, and function of their constituent materials and explains how they perform better in combination than on their own. It discusses the directional nature of isotropic, anisotropic, and orthotropic materials, the orientation of plies in unidirectional (lamina) and quasi-isotropic (laminate) lay-ups, and the dominant role of fibers in determining strength, stiffness, and other lamina properties. The chapter also compares the engineering attributes of composites with those of metals and includes application examples.
Book Chapter
Selection Guidelines for Lightweight Materials
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
...-fiber polymer-matrix composites are replacing these alloys. In addition, aluminum alloys are not embrittled at low temperatures and become even stronger as the temperature is decreased without significant ductility losses, making them ideal for cryogenic fuel tanks for rockets and launch vehicles. High...
Abstract
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part provides data and guidelines for selecting materials and processing routes. It compares the basic properties of metals, ceramics, and polymers, identifies important measures of performance, and discusses manufacturing processes and their compatibility with specific materials. The chapter then presents general guidelines for selecting lightweight materials, and concludes with a review of lightweight metals, plastics, and composites used in automotive applications.
Book Chapter
Materials Issues in Joining
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290279
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... combinations are difficult to join, either because of their individual chemical compositions or because of large differences in physical properties between the two materials being joined. In any dissimilar joining process involving high temperatures, differences in the coefficients of thermal expansion (CTEs...
Abstract
This chapter reviews materials issues encountered in joining, including challenges involved in welding of dissimilar metal combinations; joining of plastics by mechanical fastening, solvent and adhesive bonding, and welding; joining of thermoset and thermoplastic composite materials by mechanical fastening, adhesive bonding, and, for thermoplastic composites, welding; the making of glass-to-metal seals; and joining of oxide and nonoxide ceramics to themselves and to metals by solid-state processes and by brazing. The classification, types, applications, and the mechanism of each of these methods are covered. The factors influencing joint integrity and the main considerations in welding dissimilar metal combinations are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Metal Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... for discontinuously reinforced MMCs but almost no current applications for continuously reinforced MMCs. In an MMC, the matrix phase is a monolithic alloy, usually a low-density nonferrous alloy, and the reinforcement consists of high-performance carbon, metallic, or ceramic additions. Metal matrix composites can...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir and slurry casting, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, powder metallurgy, extrusion, hot rolling, and forging. The chapter also provides information on continuous-fiber aluminum and titanium composites as well as particle-reinforced titanium and fiber metal (glass aluminum) laminates.
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing of Ceramics and Ceramic-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... for multiaxial cylindrical specimens Stress gradients and combined stress states that may affect failure modes, especially in ceramic-matrix composites, or in other materials that are relatively weak in shear or exhibit different stress-strain behaviors in tension and compression High-Temperature Tensile...
Abstract
This chapter describes tensile testing of advanced ceramic materials, a category that includes both noncomposite, or monolithic, ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites (CMCs). The chapter presents four key considerations that must be considered when carrying out tensile tests on advanced monolithic ceramics and CMCs. These include effects of flaw type and location on tensile tests, separation of flaw populations, design strength and scale effects, and lifetime predictions and environmental effects. The chapter discusses the advantages, problems, and complications of four basic categories of tensile testing techniques as applied to ceramics and CMCs. These categories are true direct uniaxial tensile tests at ambient temperatures, indirect tensile tests, tests where failure is presumed to result from tensile stresses, and high-temperature tensile tests.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060223
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... Abstract Fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites have carved out a niche in applications requiring high strength to weight ratios, but they are susceptible to failure when exposed to high temperatures and cyclic loads. This chapter discusses the obstacles that must be overcome to improve...
Abstract
Fiber-reinforced metal-matrix composites have carved out a niche in applications requiring high strength to weight ratios, but they are susceptible to failure when exposed to high temperatures and cyclic loads. This chapter discusses the obstacles that must be overcome to improve the creep-fatigue behavior of these otherwise promising materials. It addresses six areas that have been the focus of intense research, including thermal-expansion and elastic-viscoplastic mismatch, thermally induced biaxiality and interply stresses, creep and cyclic relaxation of residual stresses, and enhanced interfaces for oxidation.
Book Chapter
Fabrication of Bulk Components from Mechanically Alloyed Powders
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400051
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... technique enables metal-matrix composites with good properties to be fabricated by providing much more rapid heating and cooling rates (>500 °C/min, or 900 °F/min), a shorter holding time, and a high pressure at a relatively lower sintering temperature ( Ref 4.48 ). Figure 4.5(a) shows...
Abstract
This chapter covers various consolidation techniques used in powder metallurgy, including laser sintering (pressureless sintering), hot pressing, high-pressure torsion, microwave sintering, spark plasma sintering, and pulse plasma sintering. It also discusses the effect of milling parameters on mechanically alloyed powders, their consolidation characteristics, and the properties of bulk components.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Fracture of Ceramics and Polymers
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610327
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This chapter covers the fatigue and fracture behaviors of ceramics and polymers. It discusses the benefits of transformation toughening, the use of ceramic-matrix composites, fracture mechanisms, and the relationship between fatigue and subcritical crack growth. In regard to polymers...
Abstract
This chapter covers the fatigue and fracture behaviors of ceramics and polymers. It discusses the benefits of transformation toughening, the use of ceramic-matrix composites, fracture mechanisms, and the relationship between fatigue and subcritical crack growth. In regard to polymers, it covers general characteristics, viscoelastic properties, and static strength. It also discusses fatigue life, impact strength, fracture toughness, and stress-rupture behaviors as well as environmental effects such as plasticization, solvation, swelling, stress cracking, degradation, and surface embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Metal-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240607
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... of the main advantages for both continuous fiber aluminum and titanium-matrix composites is their ability to be used at higher temperatures than their base metals ( Fig. 33.10 ). However, because of their high cost, most applications have been limited, even in the aerospace industry. Fig. 33.10...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites (MMCs) work at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and can be engineered for improved strength, stiffness, thermal conductivity, abrasion and/or creep resistance, and dimensional stability. This chapter examines the properties, compositions, and performance-cost tradeoffs of common MMCs, including aluminum-matrix composites, titanium-matrix composites, and fiber-metal laminates. It also explains how fiber-reinforced composites and laminates are made, describing both continuous and discontinuous fiber matrix production processes.
Book Chapter
Polymer-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... and some that are more amenable to continuous fibers. In general, because metal- and ceramic-matrix composites require very high temperatures and sometimes high pressures for processing, they are normally much more expensive than polymer-matrix composites. However, they have much better thermal stability...
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites are among the lightest structural materials in use today. They are also highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue and their load-carrying capabilities, such as strength and stiffness, can be tailored for specific applications. This chapter discusses the primary advantages and disadvantages of polymer-matrix composites, how they are produced, and how they perform in different applications. It describes the construction of laminates, the fibers and resins used, and the methods by which they are combined. It explains how strength, modulus, toughness, and high-temperature and corrosion behaviors are determined by the orientation, shape, and spacing of fibers, the number of plies, resin properties, and consolidation and forming methods. The chapter also covers secondary fabrication processes, such as thermoforming, machining, and joining, as well as production equipment and product forms, and include guidelines for optimizing tradeoffs when selecting fibers, resins, and production techniques.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... Introduction Thermal spray is a versatile, adaptable, potentially cost-effective technology in which a wide range of metals, ceramics, polymers, and composites can be applied to almost any metal to protect against wear, corrosion, abrasion, high temperature, chemicals, and erosion. It can also rebuild...
Abstract
This article provides a brief description of commercially important thermal spray processes and gives examples of applications and application requirements. The processes covered are flame, wire arc, plasma, high-velocity oxyfuel processes, detonation gun, and cold spray methods. Examples are provided of the applications in aerospace, automotive, and medical device industries as well as the use of thermal spray as an additive manufacturing technique.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Fracture of Continuous-Fiber Polymer-Matrix Composites
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... to discontinuous fibers and some that are more amenable to continuous fibers. In general, because metal- and ceramic-matrix composites require very high temperatures and sometimes high pressures for processing, they are normally much more expensive than polymer-matrix composites. However, they have much better...
Abstract
Unlike metals, in which fatigue failures are due to a single crack that grows to a critical length, the effects of fatigue in composites are much more distributed and varied. As the chapter explains, there are five major damage mechanisms that contribute to the progression of composite fatigue, those being matrix cracking, fiber breaking, crack coupling, delamination initiation, and delamination growth. The chapter describes each mechanism in detail along with related factors. It also discusses the primary differences between composites and metals, the effect of manufacturing defects, damage tolerance, and testing and certification.
Book Chapter
Advanced Alloys and Future Directions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... temperatures as high as 800 °C (1500 °F) when reinforced with SiC. Silicon carbide fibers generally constitute 35 to 40 vol% of the composite. Particulate-reinforced titanium matrix composites, representing discrete, noncontinuous reinforcement, are another source of composite material strengthening...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the promising developments in the use of titanium, including titanium aluminides, titanium matrix composites, superplastic forming, spray forming, nanotechnology, and rapid solidification rate processing. It also reports on efforts to increase the operating temperature range of conventional titanium alloys and reduce costs.
Book Chapter
Extrusion of Hard Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... to the presence of ceramic particulate reinforcement, MMCs have lower ductility than aluminum matrix alloys at an elevated extrusion temperature. Surface tearing is a common extrusion defect in MMCs; such tearing includes hot shortness at high temperatures as well as ductility-related tearing at lower...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion characteristics of hard aluminum alloys, particularly those in the 5000 and 7000 series. It begins with a review of two studies, one showing how the extrudability of 7 xxx alloys varies with the presence and amount of different alloying elements, the other relating minimum wall thickness with circumscribing circle diameter. It then explains how oxides on either the billet or container complicate the control of extrusion as well as auxiliary processes and how material flow and the movement of trapped gasses in different regions of the extrusion can lead to defects and variations in strength. It also discusses the extrusion of aluminum matrix composites and explains how composite billets are made.
Book Chapter
Introduction—Composite Materials and Optical Microscopy
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... Abstract This chapter provides a general description of materials and methods for manufacturing high-performance composites. The materials covered are polymer matrices and prepreg materials and the methods include infusion processes, composite-toughening methods, matrix-toughening methods...
Abstract
This chapter provides a general description of materials and methods for manufacturing high-performance composites. The materials covered are polymer matrices and prepreg materials and the methods include infusion processes, composite-toughening methods, matrix-toughening methods, and dispersed-phase toughening. In addition, the chapter provides information on interlayer-toughened composites and honeycomb or foam structure composite materials. It also discusses the processes in optical microscopy of composite materials.
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