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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... readily weldable. There are two large groups of the commercial nickel-base alloys. One group was designed to withstand high-temperature and dry or gaseous corrosion, while the other is mainly dedicated to withstanding low-temperature aqueous corrosion. Nickel-base alloys used for low-temperature...
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated mostly to the metallurgical effects on the corrosion behavior of corrosion-resistant alloys. It begins with a section describing the importance of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior of nickel alloys. The chapter considers the metallurgical effects of alloy composition for heat-resistant alloys, nickel corrosion-resistant alloys, and nickel-base alloys. This chapter also discusses the corrosion implications of changing the alloy microstructure via solid-state transformation, second-phase precipitation, or cold work. It concludes with a comparison of corrosion behavior between cast and wrought product forms.
Image
Published: 01 November 2007
Fig. 7.28 Corrosion rates of high-nickel alloys in the MPC coal gasification atmosphere with 1.0 and 1.5% H 2 S (see Table 7.4 and 7.5 for gas composition). Source: Ref 60
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Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... Abstract Nickel-base alloys used for low-temperature aqueous corrosion are commonly referred to as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs), and nickel alloys used for high-temperature applications are known as heat-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, or superalloys. The emphasis...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys used for low-temperature aqueous corrosion are commonly referred to as corrosion-resistant alloys (CRAs), and nickel alloys used for high-temperature applications are known as heat-resistant alloys, high-temperature alloys, or superalloys. The emphasis in this chapter is on the CRAs and in particular nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys. The chapter provides a basic understanding of general welding considerations and describes the welding metallurgy of molybdenum-containing CRAs and of nickel-copper, nickel-chromium, and nickel-chromium-iron CRAs. It discusses the corrosion behavior of nickel-molybdenum alloys and nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys. Information on the phase stability and corrosion behavior of nickel-base alloys is also included.
Image
Published: 01 June 1983
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter...
Abstract
This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter.
Image
Published: 01 November 2007
C 3 , (c) continued carbon ingress increases the carbon activity to more than one ( a c > 1), resulting in the formation of metastable M 3 C carbides in low-nickel alloys, or resulting in direct growth of graphite in high-nickel alloys, (d) graphite deposition occurs decreasing the carbon
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030176
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... of these alloys. Some categories of corrosion covered are pitting, crevice, intergranular, stress-corrosion cracking, general, and high-temperature corrosion. stainless steels nickel alloys corrosion resistance alloying elements pitting corrosion crevice corrosion intergranular corrosion stress...
Abstract
Stainless steels and nickel-base alloys are recognized for their resistance to general corrosion and other categories of corrosion. This chapter examines the effects of specific alloying elements, metallurgical structure, and mechanical conditioning on the corrosion resistance of these alloys. Some categories of corrosion covered are pitting, crevice, intergranular, stress-corrosion cracking, general, and high-temperature corrosion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... to the specific high-temperature corrosive environment in the end application. This can lead to premature failures. For example, because of their good weldability, high nickel filler metals, such as filler metal alloy 82 (ERNiCr-3), are sometimes used for welding the alloys that are to be in service...
Abstract
This chapter explains how materials selection becomes much more difficult when designing for high-temperature corrosion environments. It also discusses the use of cladding and weld overlays to compensate for material deficiencies and prolong service life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930329
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract Nickel-base alloys are generally used in harsh environments that demand either corrosion resistance or high-temperature strength. This article first describes the general welding characteristics of nickel-base alloys. It then describes the weldability of solid-solution nickel-base...
Abstract
Nickel-base alloys are generally used in harsh environments that demand either corrosion resistance or high-temperature strength. This article first describes the general welding characteristics of nickel-base alloys. It then describes the weldability of solid-solution nickel-base alloys in terms of grain boundary precipitation, grain growth, and hot cracking in the heat-affected zone; fusion zone segregation and porosity; and postweld heat treatments. Next, the article analyzes the welding characteristics of dissimilar and clad materials. This is followed by sections summarizing the various types and general weldability of age-hardened nickel-base alloys. The article then discusses the composition, welding metallurgy, and properties of cast nickel-base superalloys. Finally, it provides information on the welding of dissimilar metals, filler metal selection for welding clad materials and for overlay cladding, service conditions during repair, and welding procedural idiosyncrasies of cobalt-base alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170614
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... quantities include high-purity and commercial purity irons, phosphorus irons, low-carbon steels, silicon (electrical) steels, nickel-iron alloys, iron-cobalt alloys, and ferritic stainless steels. (Large quantities of soft magnetic ceramic materials, i.e., ferrites, are also produced...
Abstract
This article discusses the compositions, structures, and properties of the most common grades of soft magnetic metals and permanent magnet alloys. It explains how alloying additions and impurities affect the magnetic properties of these materials, which include commercially pure and phosphorus irons, low-carbon and silicon steels, ferritic stainless steels, and nickel-iron and iron-cobalt alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... in a wide variety of environments. Additionally, unique intermetallic phases can form between nickel and some of its alloying elements, enabling the formulation of alloys that can be heat treated to exhibit high strength even at high temperatures. They are often used because of their resistance to stress...
Abstract
Nickel and nickel-base alloys are specified for many applications, such as oil and gas production, power generation, and chemical processing, because of their resistance to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). Under certain conditions, however, SCC can be a concern. This chapter describes the types of environments and stress loads where nickel-base alloys are most susceptible to SCC. It begins with a review of the physical metallurgy of nickel alloys, focusing on the role of carbides and intermetallic phases. It then explains how SCC occurs in the presence of halides (such as chlorides, bromides, iodides, and fluorides), sulfur-bearing compounds (such as H2S and sulfur-oxyanions), high-temperature and supercritical water, and caustics (such as NaOH), while accounting for temperature, composition, microstructure, properties, environmental contaminants, and other factors. The chapter also discusses the effects of hydrogen embrittlement and provides information on test methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200298
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... Alloys The three alloys normally considered in this group are HA, HC, and HD although only the first of these is technically an Fe-Cr alloy. The other two grades contain 26 to 30% chromium and up to 7% nickel. These grades are mainly used in environments containing sulphur-bearing gases, where high...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the definitions, alloy classification, alloy selection, mechanical properties, hot gas corrosion resistance, and formability of heat-resistant high alloy steels. In addition, the applications of cast heat-resistant alloys are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030112
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., and fabrication practices on tantalum and its alloys should avoid producing such surface contamination as well as gross contamination. Corrosion of Nickel and High-Nickel Alloy Weldments The corrosion resistance of weldments is related to the microstructural and microchemical changes resulting from thermal...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the metallurgical factors that affect corrosion of weldments and describes a few considerations for selected nonferrous alloy systems: aluminum, titanium, tantalum, and nickel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... types of commercial alloys are outlined in Chapter 5, “Modern Alloy Production,” in this book. Heat treatment of aluminum, cobalt, copper, magnesium, nickel-base superalloys, and titanium alloys is discussed in Chapter 14, “Nonferrous Heat Treatment.” 13.1 Light Metals (Al, Be, Mg, Ti) High...
Abstract
Nonferrous metals are of commercial interest both as engineering materials and as alloying agents. This chapter addresses both roles, discussing the properties, processing characteristics, and applications of several categories of nonferrous metals, including light metals, corrosion-resistance alloys, superalloys, refractory metals, low-melting-point metals, reactive metals, precious metals, rare earth metals, and metalloids or semimetals. It also provides a brief summary on special-purpose materials, including uranium, vanadium, magnetic alloys, and thermocouple materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080423
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
..., along with their alloys, are readily attacked by molten aluminum. Extremely high corrosion rates of iron-, nickel-, and cobalt-base alloys in molten aluminum are illustrated by the laboratory test results shown in Table 16.1 ( Ref 11 ). Samples of carbon steel and iron-and nickel-base alloys were...
Abstract
Liquid metals are frequently used as a heat-transfer medium because of their high thermal conductivities and low vapor pressures. Containment materials used in such heat-transfer systems are subject to molten metal corrosion as well as other problems. This chapter reviews the corrosion behavior of alloys in molten aluminum, zinc, lead, lithium, sodium, magnesium, mercury, cadmium, tin, antimony, and bismuth. It also discusses the problem of liquid metal embrittlement, explaining how it is caused by low-melting-point metals during brazing, welding, and heat treating operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... shows a high-nickel alloy that suffered sulfidation attack at about 930 °C (1700 °F) in a furnace firing ceramic tiles. The cross section at the corroded area showed sulfides through the cross section of the component. The breakdown of a protective oxide scale (i.e., Cr 2 O 3 scale for most high...
Abstract
Sulfur is one of the most common corrosive contaminants in high-temperature industrial environments and its presence can cause a number of problems, including sulfidation. This chapter describes the sulfidation behavior of a wide range of alloys as observed in three types of industrial environments. One environment consists of sulfur vapor, hydrocarbon streams, H2S, and H2-H2S gas; sulfides are the only corrosion products that form under these conditions. Another environment consists of H2, CO, CO2, H2S, and other gases, causing the formation of oxides as well as sulfides in most alloys. The third environment, for which less data exists, contains either SO2 or O2-SO2 mixtures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170495
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
..., high temperatures, high stresses, and combinations of these factors. There are several reasons for these capabilities. Pure nickel is ductile and tough because it possesses a face-centered cubic (fcc) structure up to its melting point (1453 °C, or 2647 °F). Therefore, nickel and nickel alloys...
Abstract
This article examines the role of alloying in the production and use of nickel and its alloys. It explains how nickel-base alloys are categorized and lists the most common grades along with their compositional ranges and corresponding UNS numbers. It describes the role of nearly 20 alloying elements and how they influence strength, ductility, hardness, and corrosion resistance. It also addresses processing issues, explaining how alloying and intermetallic phases affect forming, welding, and machining operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240547
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract Nickel and nickel alloys have an excellent combination of corrosion, oxidation, and heat resistance, combined with good mechanical properties. Nickel alloys can be divided into alloys that combine corrosion and heat resistance, superalloys for high-temperature applications, and special...
Abstract
Nickel and nickel alloys have an excellent combination of corrosion, oxidation, and heat resistance, combined with good mechanical properties. Nickel alloys can be divided into alloys that combine corrosion and heat resistance, superalloys for high-temperature applications, and special nickel alloys. Corrosion- and heat-resistant nickel alloys include commercially pure and low-alloy nickels, nickel-copper alloys, nickel-molybdenum and nickel-silicon alloys, nickel-chromium-iron alloys, nickel-chromium-molybdenum alloys, and nickel-chromium-iron-molybdenum-copper alloys. Special nickel alloys include electrical-resistance alloys, low-expansion alloys, magnetically soft alloys, and shape memory alloys. This chapter discusses the metallurgy, nominal composition, properties, applications, advantages, and disadvantages of these alloys. It also provides information on cobalt wear-resistant alloys and cobalt corrosion-resistant alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... (1674 °F). In superalloys, both iron and cobalt are stabilized by the addition of nickel to retain an fcc crystal structure throughout the gas turbine engine (GTE) application temperature range. 2.1 Nickel-Iron-Base Alloys Nickel-iron-base superalloys are characterized by their high toughness...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief overview of nickel-iron-base, cobalt-base, and nickel-base superalloys, discussing their basic metallurgy and defining characteristics.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... of tungsten. Molybdenum-containing nickel-base alloys also did not perform well. Oh et al. ( Ref 36 ) attributed this to the formation of oxychlorides of molybdenum and tungsten, which have very high vapor pressures. The partial pressures of WO 2 Cl 2 and MoO 2 Cl 2 in equilibrium with the oxides (WO 3...
Abstract
Alloys containing elements that form volatile or low-melting-point halides are susceptible to high-temperature corrosion attack. This chapter explains how to determine whether such phases are likely to form, and the rate at which they occur, based on thermodynamic data and phase stability diagrams. It provides an extensive amount of high-temperature corrosion data for metals and alloys in gaseous environments containing chlorine and hydrogen chloride; fluorine and hydrogen fluoride; bromine and hydrogen bromide; and iodine and hydrogen iodide.
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