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high-modulus graphite fibers
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... physical and mechanical property data for commercially important high-strength fibers. aramid fibers carbon fibers composite reinforcement glass fibers graphite fibers prepreg ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers woven fabrics REINFORCEMENTS for composite materials can be...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the properties and processing characteristics of glass, aramid, carbon, and ultra-high molecular weight polyethylene fibers and related product forms, including woven fabrics, prepreg, and reinforced mats. It also includes a review of fiber terminology as well as physical and mechanical property data for commercially important high-strength fibers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
.... E-glass is a low-cost, high-density, low-modulus fiber that has good corrosion resistance and good handling characteristics. S-2 glass was developed in response to the need for a higher-strength fiber for filament-wound pressure vessels and solid rocket motor casings. While more expensive than E...
Abstract
Polymer-matrix composites are among the lightest structural materials in use today. They are also highly resistant to corrosion and fatigue and their load-carrying capabilities, such as strength and stiffness, can be tailored for specific applications. This chapter discusses the primary advantages and disadvantages of polymer-matrix composites, how they are produced, and how they perform in different applications. It describes the construction of laminates, the fibers and resins used, and the methods by which they are combined. It explains how strength, modulus, toughness, and high-temperature and corrosion behaviors are determined by the orientation, shape, and spacing of fibers, the number of plies, resin properties, and consolidation and forming methods. The chapter also covers secondary fabrication processes, such as thermoforming, machining, and joining, as well as production equipment and product forms, and include guidelines for optimizing tradeoffs when selecting fibers, resins, and production techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550457
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... nonferrous alloy, and the reinforcement consists of high-performance carbon, metallic, or ceramic additions. Reinforcements, either continuous or discontinuous, may constitute from 10 to 70 vol% of the composite. Continuous fiber or filament (f) reinforcements include graphite, silicon carbide (SiC), boron...
Abstract
Metal-matrix composites can operate at higher temperatures than their base metal counterparts and, unlike polymer-matrix composites, are nonflammable, do not outgas in a vacuum, and resist attack by solvents and fuels. They can also be tailored to provide greater strength and stiffness, among other properties, in preferred directions and locations. This chapter discusses the processes and procedures used in the production of fiber-reinforced aluminum and titanium metal-matrix composites. It explains how the length and orientation of reinforcing fibers affect the properties and processing characteristics of both aluminum and titanium composites. It also provides information on fiber-metal laminates and the use of different matrix metals and reinforcing materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... materials. In addition, more expensive cynate ester resins are often specified because they absorb less moisture and are thus more dimensionally stable and less prone to outgassing in the near-vacuum atmosphere of space. Therefore, high-modulus carbon and graphite fiber composites are somewhat restricted...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870537
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... fibers (c) of Al 2 O 3 or graphite. Particulate reinforced composites ( Fig. 20.2 ), primarily SiC or Al 2 O 3 ceramic particles in an aluminum matrix, are known as discontinuously reinforced aluminum (DRA). They exhibit high stiffness, low density, high hardness, and adequate toughness at volume...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of metal matrix composites and the methods used to produce them. It begins with a review of the composition and properties of aluminum matrix composites. It then describes discontinuous composite processing methods, including stir and slurry casting, liquid metal infiltration, spray deposition, powder metallurgy, extrusion, hot rolling, and forging. The chapter also provides information on continuous-fiber aluminum and titanium composites as well as particle-reinforced titanium and fiber metal (glass aluminum) laminates.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550569
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
..., continuous fiber ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. The advantage of ceramic-matrix and carbon-carbon composites is that they can operate reliably at very high temperatures in harsh environments ( Fig. 11.4 ). The need for high-temperature materials spans the range of industries, from...
Abstract
Ceramic-matrix composites possess many of the desirable qualities of monolithic ceramics, but are much tougher because of the reinforcements. This chapter explains how reinforcements are used in ceramic-matrix composites and how they alter energy-dissipating mechanisms and load-carrying behaviors. It compares the stress-strain curves for monolithic ceramics and ceramic-matrix composites, noting improvements afforded by the addition of reinforcements. It then goes on to discuss the key attributes, properties, and applications of discontinuously reinforced ceramic composites, continuous fiber ceramic composites, and carbon-carbon composites. It also describes a number of ceramic-matrix composite processing methods, including cold pressing and sintering, hot pressing, reaction bonding, directed metal oxidation, and liquid, vapor, and polymer infiltration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870573
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... be calculated by multiplying the fiber failure strain by the fiber radius. High strength, low modulus, and small diameters all contribute to fibers that can be processed using conventional textile technology. For example, while silicon carbide monofilaments have a critical bend radius of only 275.6...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the types of fibers and matrix materials used in ceramic matrix composites and the role of interfacial coatings. It describes the methods used to produce ceramic composites, including powder processing, slurry infiltration and consolidation, polymer infiltration and pyrolysis, chemical vapor infiltration, directed metal oxidation, and liquid silicon infiltration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550621
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... High Low Machinability Good Poor Good Tensile strength, MPa (ksi) Up to 2500 (360) Up to 400 (58) Up to 140 (20) Compressive strength, MPa (ksi) Up to 2500 (360) Up to 5000 (725) Up to 350 (50) Young’s modulus, GPa (10 6 psi) 15 to 400 (2 to 58) 150 to 450 (22 to 65) 0.001 to...
Abstract
This chapter consists of three parts. The first part provides data and guidelines for selecting materials and processing routes. It compares the basic properties of metals, ceramics, and polymers, identifies important measures of performance, and discusses manufacturing processes and their compatibility with specific materials. The chapter then presents general guidelines for selecting lightweight materials, and concludes with a review of lightweight metals, plastics, and composites used in automotive applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870489
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... frequently classified as either (1) high strength, (2) intermediate modulus, or (3) high modulus. Both carbon and graphite fibers are produced as untwisted bundles called tows . Common tow sizes are 1k, 3k, 6k, 12k, and 24k, where k = 1000 fibers. Immediately after fabrication, carbon and graphite fibers...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... strength and rigidity. The use temperature for epoxy composites usually ranges anywhere from –67 to 250 °F (–55 to 120 °C). There are several observations that we can make from this simplified analogy. High-modulus carbon, graphite, and aramid fibers have negative CTEs. Normally, the higher the fiber...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the tools and techniques, as well as some of the underlying theory, that have proven useful for process modeling and simulation. It begins by presenting the framework of a thermoset cure model that accounts for kinetics, viscosity, heat transfer, flow, voids, and residual stress. It then discusses each variable in detail, explaining how it affects the cure process, how it is measured, and how it can be expressed mathematically in the form of a simple model. The discussions throughout the chapter are supported by numerous images, diagrams, and data plots.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... 1945, over 7 million pounds of fiberglass were used in military applications. Fiberglass pipe was first introduced in 1948 and was widely used within the corrosion market and the oil industry. In 1959 and 1962, two processes for manufacturing high-strength and high-modulus carbon fibers from rayon...
Abstract
Engineers have many materials to choose from when dealing with weight-related design constraints. The list includes aluminum, beryllium, magnesium, and titanium alloys as well as engineering plastics, structural ceramics, and polymer-, metal-, and ceramic-matrix composites. This chapter provides a brief overview of these lightweight materials, discussing their primary advantages along with their properties, behaviors, and limitations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.9781627083096
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... region, which is the region that has a T g . If a material is amorphous, a single decrease is usually seen at temperatures near the T g . At even higher temperatures, there is another similar drop in modulus, and the plastic flows easily as a high viscosity liquid. At this condition, the plastic can...
Abstract
This chapter describes the molecular structures and chemical reactions associated with the production of thermoset and thermoplastic components. It compares and contrasts the mechanical properties of engineering plastics with those of metals, and explains how fillers and reinforcements affect impact and tensile strength, shrinkage, thermal expansion, and thermal conductivity. It examines the relationship between tensile modulus and temperature, provides thermal property data for selected plastics, and discusses the effect of chemical exposure, operating temperature, and residual stress. The chapter also includes a section on the uses of thermoplastic and thermosetting resins and provides information on fabrication processes and fastening and joining methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... resistance. Epoxies High-performance matrix systems for primary continuous-fiber composites. Can be used at temperatures up to 250–275 °F. Give better high-temperature performance than polyesters and vinyl esters. Bismaleimides High-temperature resin matrices for use in the temperature range of 275...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of thermoset and thermoplastic resins in polymer matrix composites. It begins by explaining how the two classes of polymer differ and how it impacts their use as matrix materials. It then goes on to describe the characteristics of polyester, vinyl ester, epoxy, bismaleimide, cyanate ester, polyimide, and phenolic resins and various toughening methods. The chapter also covers thermoplastic matrix materials and product forms and provides an introduction to the physiochemical tests used to characterize resins and cured laminates.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870255
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... normal bidirectional glass cloth or a bias weave (± 45 degrees) cloth. It is usually impregnated with phenolic resin, but for high-temperature applications a polyimide resin is used. The advantage of the bias weave is that it enhances the shear modulus and improves the damage tolerance of the core. Nomex...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of sandwich and integral cocured structures, and the methods by which they are made. It begins by explaining where and how sandwich construction is used and why it is so efficient. It then describes the design and fabrication of honeycomb panels and foam cores along with their respective applications and unique attributes. The chapter also discusses the cocuring process and its use in fabricating unitized structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870449
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... deform plastically at limit load and (2) an elastic-plastic analysis to predict the actual joint strength. The elastic-plastic analysis is inappropriate for the lower-load-level case, because the initial shear modulus is too low and the elastic strain energy is too high. It is important to understand...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the use of mechanical fastening and adhesive bonding, the primary methods for joining polymer matrix composites. It describes and analyzes the basic types of mechanically fastened joints, including single-hole and multirow bolted composite joints. It then reviews the advantages and disadvantages of adhesively bonded joints and compares and contrasts the long-term performance of various joint designs. The chapter also discusses the merits of stepped-lap and bonded-bolted joints.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550511
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... Heating elements, insulators, magnets, sensors, integrated circuit packages, substrates, solid electrolytes, piezoelectrics, dielectrics, superconductors Optical Low absorption coefficient Lamps, windows, fiber optics, infrared optics Nuclear Irradiation resistance, high absorption coefficient...
Abstract
Ceramics normally have high melting temperatures, excellent chemical stability and, due to the absence of conduction electrons, tend to be good electrical and thermal insulators. They are also inherently hard and brittle, and when loaded in tension, have almost no tolerance for flaws. This chapter describes the applications, properties, and behaviors of some of the more widely used structural ceramics, including alumina, aluminum titanate, silicon carbide, silicon nitride, zirconia, zirconia-toughened alumina (ZTA), magnesia-partially stabilized zirconia (Mg-PSZ), and yttria-tetragonal zirconia polycrystalline (Y-TZP). It also provides information on materials selection, design optimization, and joining methods, and covers every step of the ceramic production process.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.9781627082587
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720393
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... groups of pores generally causes this effect. At least five consistent readings should be taken, in addition to any obviously high or low readings, which are discarded. The remaining five readings should be averaged. Because most published data show typical hardness values, the buyer and seller must...
Abstract
Fabricated powder metallurgy (P/M) parts are evaluated and tested at several stages during manufacturing for part acceptance and process control. The various types of tests included are dimensional evaluation, density measurements, hardness testing, mechanical testing, and nondestructive testing. This chapter is a detailed account of these testing methods. It describes the four most common types of defects in P/M parts, namely ejection cracks, density variations, microlaminations, and poor sintering. The chapter discusses the capabilities and limitations of various nondestructive evaluation methods to flaw detection in P/M parts. The nondestructive evaluation methods covered are mechanical proof testing, metallography, liquid penetrant crack detection, filtered particle crack detection, magnetic particle crack inspection, direct current resistivity testing, x-ray radiography, computed tomography, gamma-ray density determination, and ultrasonic techniques.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.9781627082617
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7