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high-frequency welding
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the fusion welding processes, namely oxyfuel gas welding, oxyacetylene braze welding, stud welding (stud arc welding and capacitor discharge stud welding), high-frequency welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, hybrid laser arc welding...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the fusion welding processes, namely oxyfuel gas welding, oxyacetylene braze welding, stud welding (stud arc welding and capacitor discharge stud welding), high-frequency welding, electron beam welding, laser beam welding, hybrid laser arc welding, and thermit welding.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220315
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... Welding The use of high-frequency induction and resistance heating for tube welding also appears very attractive from a cost viewpoint. Not only is the cost per unit of product considerably less with these techniques than with submerged-arc welding (SAW) and fluxed-cored arc welding (FCAW...
Abstract
Induction heating is a rapid, efficient technique for producing localized or through heating in a wide range of industries. The economics as well as the technical feasibility of induction heating should be important considerations prior to investing in such a system. A number of cost elements enter into the analysis. These include equipment and energy costs, production lot size and ease of automation, material savings, labor costs, and maintenance requirements. This chapter discusses each of these factors. It compares the cost elements of induction heating with those of its main competitor, gas-fired furnace heating. Several typical examples are provided to illustrate the economic considerations in design and application of induction heating processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... 0.041 0.020 (a) 1 in. = 25.4 mm. Fig. 6.1 Relationship between diameter of round steel bars and minimum generator frequency for efficient austenitizing using induction heating. From F. W. Curtis, High Frequency Induction Heating , McGraw-Hill, New York. 1950 ( Ref 3 ) When...
Abstract
The detailed heating requirements for specific applications must be considered before construction and implementation of any induction heating process. These requirements may include considerations such as type of heating, throughput and heating time, workpiece material, peak temperature, and so forth. The major applications of induction technology include through heating, surface heating (for surface heat treatment), metal melting, welding, brazing, and soldering. This chapter summarizes the selection of equipment and related design considerations for these applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... Review , Vol 1, No. 5, p 1 ( Ref 9 ) Materials Handling in other Induction Heating Processes Two other induction heating processes in which material handling plays an important role are welding and melting. The fabrication of high-frequency induction welded tubing has been discussed in Chapter...
Abstract
Because of its speed and ease of control, induction heating can be readily automated and integrated with other processing steps such as forming, quenching, and joining. Completely automated heating/handling/control systems have been developed and are offered by induction equipment manufacturers. This chapter deals with materials handling and automation. First, it summarizes basic considerations such as generic system designs, fixture materials, and special electrical problems to be avoided. Next, it describes and provides examples of materials-handling systems in induction billet heating, bar heating, heat treatment, soldering, brazing, and other induction-based processes. The final section discusses the use of robots for parts handling in induction heating systems.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
... for slow lines, whereas high-frequency welding is a costly but fast alternative for bonding operations. In addition to these two types, laser, plasma, and induction welding, and soldering and brazing techniques can be incorporated within roll forming lines. Cut-off machines are needed in postcut-type...
Abstract
Roll forming is a process in which flat strip or sheet material is progressively bent as it passes through a series of contoured rollers. This chapter describes the basic configuration and operating principles of a roll forming line and the cross-sectional profiles that can be achieved. It explains how to determine strip width and bending sequences and identifies the cause of common roll-forming defects. It also discusses the selection of roll materials and explains how software helps simplify the design of roll forming lines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
...., aluminum and copper alloys). Advantages specific to induction melting as compared with other melting processes include a natural stirring action (giving a more uniform melt) and long crucible life. Welding, Brazing, and Soldering High-frequency induction welding offers substantial energy savings...
Abstract
Electromagnetic induction, or simply "induction," is a method of heating electrically conductive materials such as metals. It is commonly used for heating workpieces prior to metalworking and in heat treating, welding, and melting. This technique also lends itself to various other applications involving packaging and curing of resins and coatings. This chapter provides a brief review of the history of induction heating and discusses its applications and advantages.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720345
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... will not detect flaws shorter than 6.4 mm (¼ in.), which will not satisfy the inspection requirements for most resistance welded pipe. A disadvantage of the ultrasonic method in tube inspection is its high sensitivity to minor scratches and to elongated dimensional changes, such as the ridge left when...
Abstract
Wrought tubular products are nondestructively inspected chiefly by eddy current techniques (including the magnetic flux leakage technique) and by ultrasonic techniques. The methods discussed in this chapter include eddy current inspection, flux leakage inspection, ultrasonic inspection, magnetic particle inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, and radiographic inspection of resistance welded tubular products, seamless steel tubular products, and nonferrous tubular products. This chapter discusses the fundamental factors that should be considered in selecting a nondestructive inspection method and in selecting from among the commercially available inspection equipment. The factors covered are product characteristics, nature of the flaws, extraneous variables, rate of inspection, end effect, mill versus laboratory inspection, specification requirements, equipment costs, and operating costs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
...Abstract Abstract Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive method in which beams of high frequency acoustic energy are introduced into a material to detect surface and subsurface flaws, to measure the thickness of the material, and to measure the distance to a flaw. This chapter begins...
Abstract
Ultrasonic inspection is a nondestructive method in which beams of high frequency acoustic energy are introduced into a material to detect surface and subsurface flaws, to measure the thickness of the material, and to measure the distance to a flaw. This chapter begins with an overview of ultrasonic flaw detectors, ultrasonic transducers, and search units and couplants. It then discusses the principles of operation, presentation, and interpretation of data of pulse echo and transmission methods. This is followed by sections providing information on general characteristics of ultrasonic waves and the factors influencing ultrasonic inspection. The advantages, disadvantages, and applications of ultrasonic inspection are finally compared with other methods of nondestructive inspection of metal parts.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090359
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... characteristics of the reflected wave form was of prime concern. The small size and tightness of the cracks in the BWR piping suggested that they could best be detected using relatively high frequencies. However, investigation proved otherwise. Frequency spectrum analysis of the reflected ultrasonic pulse...
Abstract
This chapter describes how ultrasonic testing came to be a viable method for evaluating intergranular stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in large-diameter stainless steel pipe welds in boiling water reactor service. Intergranular SCC can be difficult to detect using nondestructive evaluation (NDE) techniques because of its treelike branching pattern and its location in the heat-affected zone within the weld. As the chapter explains, by optimizing excitation and reflected waveforms, switching to dual-element sensing, properly orienting the scanning path, and using crack-tip diffraction and amplitude-drop techniques, the height, length, and location of intergranular cracks can be accurately determined anywhere along the walls of the pipe as well as in weld areas.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... be soldered or brazed together. Intricate assemblies can be produced with low distortion, high fatigue resistance, and good resistance to thermal shock. Joints tend to be strong if well filled, unless embrittling phases are produced by reaction between the filler metal and the components. Soldered...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering processes use a molten filler metal to wet the mating surfaces of a joint, with or without the aid of a fluxing agent, leading to the formation of a metallurgical bond between the filler and the respective components. This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of brazing and soldering. The first part focuses on the fundamentals of the brazing process and provides information on filler metals and specific brazing methods. The soldering portion of the chapters provides information on solder alloys used, selection criteria for base metal, the processes involved in precleaning and surface preparation, types of fluxes used, solder joint design, and solder heating methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
...-frequency low-amplitude stresses are developed on account of vibrations due to irregular flow of flue gases or soot blowers, whereas low-frequency high-amplitude stresses are attributed to boiler cycling. Defective tube-to-tube welds or tube-to-manifold welds that are subjected to vibrations on account...
Abstract
Boiler tubes subjected to cyclic or fluctuating loads over extended periods of time are prone to fatigue failure. Fatigue can occur at relatively low stresses and is implicated in almost 80% of the tube failures in firetube boilers. This chapter covers the most common forms of boiler tube fatigue, including mechanical or vibrational fatigue, corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue, and creep-fatigue interaction. It discusses the causes, characteristics, and impacts of each type and provides several case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
.... Workpieces that have irregular test surfaces may need to be cross-sectioned so that the surface hardness can be tested just beneath the surface on the cut cross section. Ultrasonic inspection involves introducing a beam of high-frequency sounds into the material being inspected to detect surface...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... on steels where maximum hardness and minimum crack susceptibility are required. Although the rate of deposition is not as high as for other processes, oxyacetylene welding has the advantage of minimizing undesirable base metal dilution and loss of hardness of the hard-facing alloy. The absence of a steep...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the process characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of various processes involved in surface hardening of steel. These include pack carburizing, liquid carburizing, gas carburizing, vacuum carburizing, plasma carburizing, gas nitriding, liquid nitriding, carbonitriding, and hardfacing. The chapter describes two surface hardening processes by localized heat treatment: flame hardening and induction hardening. It also briefly summarizes other surface hardening processes, namely, aluminizing, siliconizing, chromizing, titanium carbide coatings, and boronizing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720183
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... be detected by eddy current inspection at high speed and at low cost. Some of the discontinuities that are readily detected are seams, laps, cracks, slivers, scabs, pits, slugs, open welds, miswelds, misaligned welds, black and gray oxide weld penetrators, pinholes, hook cracks, and surface cracks...
Abstract
Liquid penetrant, magnetic particle, and eddy current inspection are used to detect surface flaws. This chapter is a detailed account of the physical principles, process description, equipment requirements, selection criteria, advantages, limitations, and applications of these surface flaw detection techniques.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... of using sensitized coupons is that, if corrosion occurs, they indicate a potential problem. The user is thus obliged to consider how the equipment will be welded and heat treated and to determine whether high-temperature excursions will occur during operation. Stress-Corrosion Coupons Typical...
Abstract
This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... and temper embrittlement Transverse cracks High-cycle fatigue with or without corrosion assistance Retire; weld repair Need to develop materials with improved pitting resistance; improve design to minimize stress concentration; reduce da/dn; coatings HP/IP rotor Radial-axial bore cracks Creep...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment methods for the most-failure prone components beginning with rotors and continuing on to casings, blades, nozzles, and high-temperature bolts. The chapter makes extensive use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables and includes step-by-step instructions where relevant.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
..., corrosion fatigue cracking of high-strength steel exposed to a hydrogen-producing gas, such as water vapor, may be difficult to differentiate from some other forms of hydrogen damage. At sufficiently high frequencies, the fracture surface features produced by corrosion fatigue crack initiation...
Abstract
This chapter discusses common forms of corrosion, including uniform corrosion, galvanic corrosion, pitting, crevice corrosion, dealloying corrosion, intergranular corrosion, and exfoliation. It describes the factors that contribute to stress-corrosion cracking, hydrogen embrittlement, and corrosion fatigue and compares and contrasts their effects on mechanical properties, performance, and operating life. It also includes information on high-temperature oxidation and corrosion prevention techniques.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940271
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... range for Ti-6Al-4V alloy in air and in 0.6 M NaCl at indicated frequencies and R = 0.1. Source: Ref 170 Fig. 7.125 Corrosion-fatigue-crack-growth rate as a function of stress-intensity range for a high-strength aluminum alloy in dry argon and indicated halide solutions. Source: Ref 173...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed study of the localized corrosion behavior of steel, copper, and aluminum alloys. It applies the basic principles of electrochemistry, as well as materials science and solid and fluid mechanics, to explain the causes and effects of pitting, crevice corrosion, stress corrosion cracking, and corrosion fatigue. It describes the underlying mechanisms associated with each process and how they relate to the microstructure of the metal or alloy, the physical condition of the surface, and other factors such as the coupling of the metal to a dissimilar metal or surface film.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Welding High-Frequency Induction Welding Thermal Cutting Soldering and Brazing Safety Nondestructive Evaluation (NDE) Recent Developments New Developments Austenitic stainless steels are readily welded by nearly all welding techniques. The characteristics of austenitic stainless...
Abstract
This chapter provides a basis for understanding the influence of stainless steel alloy composition and metallurgy on the welding process, which involves complex dynamics associated with melting, refining, and thermal processing. It begins with an overview of the welding characteristics of the categories of stainless steels, namely austenitic, duplex, ferritic, martensitic, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This is followed by a discussion of the selection criteria for materials to be welded. Various welding processes used with stainless steel are then described. The chapter ends with a section on some of the practices to ensure safety and weld quality.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... welds. High-frequency vibrations, introduced into the areas to be joined, disrupt the metal atoms at the interface of the weld components and produce an interlocking of these atoms to achieve a mechanical joint. No significant heating is involved; the maximum temperature at the weld interface is usually...
Abstract
Solid-state welding processes are those that produce coalescence of the faying surfaces at temperatures below the melting point of the base metals being joined without the addition of brazing or solder filler metal. This chapter discusses solid-state welding processes such as diffusion welding, forge welding, roll welding, coextrusion welding, cold welding, friction welding, friction stir welding, explosion welding, and ultrasonic welding.