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high-alloy white iron
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Abstract This article discusses the production, properties, and uses of high-alloy white irons. It explains how the composition and melt are controlled to produce a large volume of eutectic carbides, making these irons particularly hard and resistant to wear, and how the metallic matrix...
Abstract
This article discusses the production, properties, and uses of high-alloy white irons. It explains how the composition and melt are controlled to produce a large volume of eutectic carbides, making these irons particularly hard and resistant to wear, and how the metallic matrix supporting the carbide phase can be adjusted via alloy content and heat treatment to optimize the balance between abrasion resistance and impact toughness. It also describes the effect of alloying elements and inoculants on various properties and behaviors and provides information on commercial alloy grades and applications.
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Published: 01 January 2022
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240453
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... than most steels, they are cheap, more readily cast than steels, and have other useful properties. With proper alloying, good foundry practice, and appropriate heat treatment, the properties of any cast iron can be varied over a wide range. Large tonnages of high-quality cast irons are produced...
Abstract
The properties of cast iron are determined primarily by the form of carbon they contain, which in turn, is controlled by modifying compositions and cooling rates during casting. Certain alloys (such as Si, Al, Ni, Co, and Cu) promote graphite formation, while others (such as S, V, Cr, Sn, Mo, and Mn) promote the formation of cementite. This chapter examines the relative potencies of these alloys and their effect on microstructure. It covers the five most common commercial cast irons, including white, gray, ductile, malleable, and compacted graphite, describing their compositional ranges, distinguishing features, advantages, limitations, and applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... the technology of unalloyed or low-alloyed gray iron castings and white iron and high-alloyed cast irons. Finally, it describes the casting defects that are associated with cast iron and the processes involved in solving these defects. The article includes a number of figures illustrating the topics discussed...
Abstract
This chapter covers mechanical properties, microstructures, chemical compositions, manufacturing processes, and engineering of gating practices for several applications of gray, white, and alloyed cast irons. It begins with a description of material standards, followed by a section providing information on the practice of stress relieving. Next, the chapter details various ways of eliminating slag entrainment while designing gating and venting systems. Several factors related to the establishment of the optimum pouring rate and time are then covered. Further, the chapter discusses the technology of unalloyed or low-alloyed gray iron castings and white iron and high-alloyed cast irons. Finally, it describes the casting defects that are associated with cast iron and the processes involved in solving these defects. The article includes a number of figures illustrating the topics discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300179
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... are alloy white iron, some are hard steel, and some are chromium plated) for lubricated reciprocating sliding systems. Cast irons are not widely used for plain bearings involving high speed (over 10,000 rpm). This is the forte of rolling elements, but cast irons are often used as the rotating member...
Abstract
This chapter covers the friction and wear behaviors of cast irons. It describes the microstructure and metallurgy of gray, white, malleable, and ductile cast irons, their respective tensile properties, and their suitability for applications involving friction, various types of erosion, and adhesive and abrasive wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... such as silicon or copper ( Fig. 10.4 ). High carbon and silicon are the primary alloys that increase the graphitization potential of the iron as well as its castability. Fig. 10.4 Effect of alloying elements on the formation of either graphitic or white cast iron during eutectic solidification. Source...
Abstract
The commercial relevance of cast irons is best understood in the context of the iron-carbon phase diagram, where their composition places them near the eutectic point, which sheds light on why they melt at lower temperatures than steel and why they can be cast into more intricate shapes. This chapter examines these unique properties and how they are derived. It begins by describing the basic metallurgy of cast iron, focusing on the eutectic reaction. It explains how to control the reaction and thus properties of cast iron by overcooling and inoculation. The chapter also discusses composition, microstructure, heat treatments, and the classification and casting characteristics of white, gray, ductile, malleable, compacted graphite, and special cast irons.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... temper embrittlement. Forms an undesirable iron phosphide (Fe 3 P) at high phosphorus levels (especially in cast irons) Sulfur (S) Usually considered an impurity in steel. Added to special steels for improved machinability Silicon (Si) An essential alloying element in most steels. Added...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... feeders being common especially in high-volume machine molding De-gating Easy to break the gates at the knock-out station as white iron is very brittle Fig. 8.5 Gating system for elbow castings. Source: Ref 5 . Courtesy of DISMATIC Fig. 8.6 Gating and feeding systems for arm...
Abstract
Malleable iron has unique properties that justify its application in the metal working industry. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and mechanical properties of malleable iron; provides a description of the malleabilization process; and presents manufacturing guidelines for malleable iron castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
...%), which improves high-temperature strength ( Fig. 3 ) Fig. 3 Stress-rupture plot for (a) pearlitic malleable iron and (b) alloyed pearlitic malleable iron. The solid lines are curves determined by the method of least squares from the existing data. The dashed lines define the 90% symmetrical...
Abstract
This article explains how malleable iron is produced and how its microstructure and properties differ from those of gray and ductile iron. Malleable iron is first cast as white iron then annealed to convert the iron carbide into irregularly shaped graphite particles called temper carbon. Although malleable iron has largely been replaced by ductile iron, the article explains that it is still sometimes preferred for thin-section castings that require maximum machinability and wear resistance. The article also discusses the annealing and alloying processes by which these properties are achieved.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... (2110 to 2100 °F) but not Fe 3 C, and therefore, graphite is a more stable phase. Thus, in iron-carbon alloys, Fe 3 C is actually a metastable phase. On cooling pure, high-carbon austenite, the graphite phase can form at the higher temperatures (given by the A gr line) than can the Fe 3 C cementite...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... the formation of white iron. Slightly thicker walls may need some minor additions of carbide-stabilizing elements (such as bismuth or tellurium) to encourage solidification as white iron. White iron is hard and brittle with high compressive strength and excellent wear resistance. The hardness is maintained even...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the crystal structures of steel and cast iron, the iron-iron carbide equilibrium diagram, microconstituents or phases in the iron-iron carbide phase diagram, the iron-carbon carbide-silicon equilibrium diagram of cast irons, and the influence on microstructure by base elements and alloying elements. Graphitization, cooling rates, and heat treatment effects are covered. There also is discussion on inoculation benefits, flake graphite types and typical applications, evolution of cast iron types, ASTM specification A247 for graphite shapes, and selection of the best molding process. A large table lists typical material choices for various applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730069
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... of steels to be cold formed usually is less than 0.06% and in some cases is as low as 0.002%. In recent decades, concern over weight has led to the introduction of steels with somewhat higher yield strengths. High-strength, low-alloy (HSLA) steels are strengthened by a combination of precipitation...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220583
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
...). Manganese Manganese makes cementite decomposition more difficult because it dissolves in this phase. In manganese-containing iron-based alloys, cementite can be described as (Fe, Mn) 3 C. When the manganese content is high, it may counteract the effects of silicon and render the cast iron white...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of composition and cooling rate on the microstructure and properties of cast irons and explains how they differ from steel. It describes the conditions under which white, gray, mottled (chilled), and nodular (ductile) cast irons are produced, and examines the growth mechanisms and structural details that set them apart. It also discusses the formation of compacted (vermicular) graphite and malleable iron, and compares and contrasts the composition, properties, and heat treatment of whiteheart and blackheart malleable types.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... as a single composition at 6.7% C. Cementite exists up to 1227 °C (2240 °F), which is its melting temperature. The term “ferrite” appears twice on the iron-cementite diagram: as delta ferrite at high temperatures of 1394 to 1538 °C (2340 to 2800 °F) and as alpha ferrite at temperatures below 912 °C (1675 °F...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic ferrous physical metallurgy principles that need to be understood by the metallographer. The discussion focuses on the variations in microstructures that are generated as a result of the phase transformations that occur during both heat treatment (as in steels) and solidification (as in cast irons). The chapter describes how the development of the iron-carbon phase diagram, coupled with the understanding of the kinetics of phase transformations through the use of isothermal transformation diagram, were breakthroughs in the advancement of ferrous physical metallurgy. Several examples of the morphological features of microstructural constituents in steels are also presented.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... of the mass of the casting. The result is a white iron structure that is substantially free of graphite and has a combination of high hardness and resistance to wear. References References 1. Cast Irons , Properties and Selection: Irons, Steels, and High-Performance Alloys , Vol 1 , ASM Handbook...
Abstract
This chapter is a detailed account of heat treating techniques for cast irons (gray and ductile), providing the reader with a basic understanding of the differences among various types of cast irons and the concept of carbon equivalent. The types of heat treatments discussed are stress relieving, annealing, normalizing, surface hardening, quenching, martempering, austempering, and flame and induction hardening.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250073
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... of alloys for tool steels. The chapter provides information on the research investigations into the metallurgy of high-speed tool steels at MIT, Union Carbide, and Carbon Laboratories. The major research effort involved in substituting molybdenum for tungsten in high-speed tool steels is discussed...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of the development of tool steel technology. It begins with a record of steelmaking in ancient and medieval times. The crucible melting process involved in making steel is then discussed. This is followed by a description of the increasing use of alloys for tool steels. The chapter provides information on the research investigations into the metallurgy of high-speed tool steels at MIT, Union Carbide, and Carbon Laboratories. The major research effort involved in substituting molybdenum for tungsten in high-speed tool steels is discussed. The chapter also describes the role of the Cleveland Twist Drill Company as the first adopter of molybdenum high-speed steel. It ends with a discussion on the advanced work on high-speed steels by Swedish researchers.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... High-speed steel high-heat hardening: Taylor/White 1903 0.70C-14W-4C prototype of modern high-speed steel 1904 Alloying with 0.3% V 1906 Electric furnace melting introduced 1910 18W-4Cr-1V (18-4-1) steel (T1) introduced 1912 3 to 5% C additions for added red hardness 1923 12% C...
Abstract
Tool steels are the ferrous alloys used to manufacture tools, dies, and molds that shape, form, and cut other materials, including steels, nonferrous metals, and plastics. This chapter explores the considerations that make tool steels a very special class of steels, the long historical evolution of iron and steel manufacture, including steels for tools, and the development of tool steels as they emerged from the general class of iron and steel products.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.9781627083324
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... and material. Figure 7.2 depicts time required for different case depths and two gear materials. Ion-nitrided surfaces, especially with high-alloy steels, show comparatively good ductility. This characteristic is due to the ability to closely control the amount and type of white layer. High ductility...
Abstract
Several limitations in achieving optimal gear performance with conventional nitriding have led researchers to work on a variety of novel and improved nitriding processes. Of these, ion/plasma nitriding offers some promising results, which are reviewed in this chapter. The chapter concludes with a case history describing the application of ion nitriding to an internal ring gear of an epicyclic gearbox.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... resistance necessitates the discussion of cast high chromium white irons. This abrasion-resistant material contains iron and alloy carbides held together by a matrix of martensite and austenite. Table 19-6 taken from the ASTM A532 specification lists chemistry and hardnesses for eight classifications...
Abstract
This chapter provides the definitions of fundamental wear mechanisms. The chapter describes the properties and applications of materials used for wear resistance. It discusses the processes involved in screening tests for wear resistance. In addition, the practical application of wear-resistant principles is covered.