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heat damage
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in The Effects of Lightning Strikes on Polymeric Composites
> Optical Microscopy of Fiber-Reinforced Composites
Published: 01 November 2010
Fig. 15.14 Carbon fiber composite cross sections showing heat damage from lab-induced lightning strikes. (a) Section showing heat-affected fibers. Bright-field illumination, 10× objective. (b) Area under the strike zone showing matrix crazing due to the impact. Bright-field illumination, 10
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Image
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 2 Carbon steel heat-transfer tube from a fluidized bed that was damaged by erosion and subsequent rusting
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.omfrc.t53030245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-349-2
... by lightning, with or without surface protection, there are usually areas that have heat damage. This damage is commonly found near the surface but can extend throughout the composite, depending on the constituents. As discussed previously, heat can degrade and vaporize both fibers and matrix. Figure 15.14...
Abstract
Lightning damage in polymer composites, as in metal structures, is manifested by damage at both the macroscopic or visual level and within the material microstructure. In addition to visual damage assessment, non-destructive inspection techniques are employed to detect damage within the composite part. This chapter describes the macroeffects of a lightning strike on composites and discusses the methods involved in the assessment of microstructural damage in composites.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870401
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... radiation, lightning strikes, thermal oxidation, and extreme temperatures. It also discusses the factors that influence flammability. environmental degradation flammability heat damage lightning strikes polymeric matrix composites thermo-oxidative stability ultraviolet radiation EXPOSURE...
Abstract
This chapter describes the conditions under which environmental degradation is likely to occur in polymer matrix composites and the potential damage it can cause. It discusses the problems associated with moisture absorption and exposure to solvents, fuels, ultraviolet radiation, lightning strikes, thermal oxidation, and extreme temperatures. It also discusses the factors that influence flammability.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
...Abstract Abstract This chapter reviews various ways to classify failure categories and summarizes the basic types, causes, and mechanisms of damage, with particular consideration given to whether the likelihood of the types of damage can or cannot be influenced by the heat treating of steel...
Abstract
This chapter reviews various ways to classify failure categories and summarizes the basic types, causes, and mechanisms of damage, with particular consideration given to whether the likelihood of the types of damage can or cannot be influenced by the heat treating of steel parts. The classical organization for types of damage (failures) is as follows: deformation, fracture, wear, corrosion or other environmental damage, and multiple or complex damage. The chapter also provides some examples of lack of conformance to specification that may at first look like the heat treater did something wrong, but where other contributing factors made it difficult or impossible for the heat treater to meet the specification.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... that it was made of chromium steel. The other atomizing parts found inside the nozzle had not suffered any damage due to heat. The Widmanstätten/basket weave microstructure seen near the flange and the stem is indicative of overheating above the transformation temperature (950 °C, or 1740 °F) followed...
Abstract
A test flight was cut short after a fire warning came on indicating a problem with one of the four engines on an aircraft. A visual examination following the precautionary landing revealed several burned hoses, a melted bolt, and fuel leaking from the base of the main burner. The fuel nozzle was also damaged, and based on its microstructure, came very close to melting. Investigators determined that the burner was mounted backwards, facing the compressor rather than the turbine. They also recommended a redesign to prevent the fuel nozzle from being reversed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870517
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... to be repaired is thoroughly dry, particularly if the repair area is going to be heated to above 200 °F (90 °C). Absorbed moisture in skins or liquid water in honeycomb can turn to steam and cause delaminations and blistering, and water in core can blow skins or cause additional core damage by blowing core cells...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
.... Increasing the cutting speed with finer depth of cut may result in an unsafe practice due to the pyrophoric nature of heated beryllium chips. Increasing the feed rate leads to increasing the cutting forces and machining damage. It is necessary to consider certain precautions to successfully machine...
Abstract
Beryllium’s machining characteristics are similar to those of heat-treated cast aluminum and chilled cast iron. Like the other materials, it can be turned, milled, drilled, bored, sawed, cut, threaded, tapped, and trepanned with good results. This chapter explains how these machining operations are conducted and describes the effect of tooling materials, cutting speeds, metal-removal rates, and other variables. It also explains how to assess and remove surface damage caused by machining such as microcracks and twins.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... tripped following the failure of the turbine rotor. The damage was maximum in the 18th/19th-stage seal land region of the compressor, with the 19th-stage blades sheared off. Metallurgical investigations were carried out on the roots and airfoil sections of the damaged blades. The blade roots had suffered...
Abstract
This report describes the failure of a gas turbine in a combined-cycle power plant and the examination and tests that were conducted to determine the cause. Based on microstructural analysis, hardness measurements, and tensile tests, the failure was attributed to inadequate clearances in the seal land region between two stages in the compressor section of the rotor. The report also recommends changes to remediate the problem.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... Schematic showing oxidation of T91 steel in steam environment. Source: Ref 6.10 The composition and thickness of the scale formed govern the heat transfer behavior across the tube wall and the possibilty of damage due to overheating. General Corrosion/Oxidation Damage Corrosion...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of corrosion on boiler tube surfaces exposed to water and steam. It describes the process of corrosion, the formation of scale, and the oxides of iron from which it forms. It addresses the primary types of corrosion found in boiler environments, including general corrosion, under-deposit corrosion, microbially induced corrosion, flow-accelerated corrosion, stress-assisted corrosion, erosion-corrosion, cavitation, oxygen pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, and caustic embrittlement. The discussion is supported by several illustrations and relevant case studies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270095
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
...Abstract Abstract A pair of bearings mounted side by side in an aircraft engine failed in service. Photographs show that the inner rings were either broken or deformed, the balls were worn and flattened, and the cages severely damaged. The bearing races were damaged as well, but only on one...
Abstract
A pair of bearings mounted side by side in an aircraft engine failed in service. Photographs show that the inner rings were either broken or deformed, the balls were worn and flattened, and the cages severely damaged. The bearing races were damaged as well, but only on one side indicating a directional thrust. In addition to their examination, investigators also conducted metallographic studies and hardness tests, which indicated that the balls and inner rings reached temperatures above 825 °C (1520 °F). Based on their findings, investigators concluded that the bearings failed due to overheating, possibly as a result of misalignment compounded by insufficient lubrication and high speeds.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... ). Fig. 10 Typical fretting marks on a high-purity aluminum cylinder Fig. 11 Surface tears caused by fretting damage when aluminum cylinders in Fig. 10 were extruded Fretting corrosion has been observed on heat exchanger tubes at tube supports and at bolted or riveted joints...
Abstract
This chapter explains how mechanical processes, including erosion, cavitation, impingement, and fretting, contribute to the effects of corrosion in aluminum alloys. It describes the two main types of erosion-corrosion and the factors involved in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion along with testing and prevention methods. It also provides information on fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... to damage accumulation within the active zone. The other part evolves as heat, Q . Thus: (Eq 13) D = W i − Q In highly dissipative materials, W i can be evaluated from load-displacement relationships. In principle, Q can also be measured, for example, by calorimetric...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.9781627082532
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... of fusion at the weld interpass ( Fig. 6.166a to c ). The heat-affected zone (HAZ) microstructure had ferrite and fine pearlite in large amounts, indicating excessive heat input at the time of welding ( Fig. 6.166d ). Microstructure studies on the outer surface exhibited fairly aggressive corrosion damage...
Abstract
Boiler tube failures associated with material defects are often the result of poor quality control, whether in primary production, on-site fabrication, storage and handling, or installation. This chapter examines quality-related failures stemming from compositional and structural defects, forming and welding defects, design defects, improper cleaning methods, and ineffective maintenance. It also includes case studies and illustrations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270168
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... extinguished. On strip examination of the engine, several components of the turbine disc and fixtures had fractured or damaged. The following damaged components were received for investigation: disc spinning drive shaft with seal carrier and splined coupling (1 No.), dummy blade roots of LPT disc (72 Nos...
Abstract
During cyclic spin tests, the turbine disc in an aircraft engine broke apart with a loud noise, followed by a fire. Based on a detailed examination and the results of SEM fractography and hardness measurements, failure analysts concluded that a locking plate became dislodged due to the shearing of the screws that hold it in place. They also provided recommendations to remediate the problem.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.scm.t52870307
EISBN: 978-1-62708-314-0
... chipping, and heat damage. It is therefore important to minimize forces and heat generation during machining. During metallic machining, the chips help to remove much of the heat generated during the cutting operation. Because of the much lower thermal conductivity of the fibers (especially glass...
Abstract
This chapter covers basic machining and assembly operations, with an emphasis on hole preparation for mechanical fasteners. It describes manual, power feed, and automated drilling techniques as well as reaming and countersinking. It discusses various types of fasteners, including rivets, pins, and bolts, along with selection factors and special considerations for composite joints. It also includes information on interference-fit and blind fasteners as well as trimming operations, general assembly considerations, and sealing and painting procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... initiation damage assessment design considerations life assessment steam turbines The steam turbine is the device that converts the heat energy of the steam coming from the boiler into the mechanical energy of shaft rotation. It basically consists of a rotor from which project several rows...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment methods for the most-failure prone components beginning with rotors and continuing on to casings, blades, nozzles, and high-temperature bolts. The chapter makes extensive use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables and includes step-by-step instructions where relevant.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030148
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... in specific hydrogen environments has revealed the susceptibility of aluminum to hydrogen damage. Hydrogen damage in aluminum alloys may take the form of intergranular or transgranular cracking or blistering. Blistering is most often associated with the melting or heat treatment of aluminum, where reaction...
Abstract
Hydrogen damage is a form of environmentally assisted failure that results most often from the combined action of hydrogen and residual or applied tensile stress. This chapter classifies the various forms of hydrogen damage, summarizes the various theories that seek to explain hydrogen damage, and reviews hydrogen degradation in specific ferrous and nonferrous alloys. The preeminent theories for hydrogen damage are based on pressure, surface adsorption, decohesion, enhanced plastic flow, hydrogen attack, and hydride formation. The specific alloys covered are iron-base, nickel, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, vanadium, niobium, and tantalum alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.9781627083157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7