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Book Chapter
The Joining Environment
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... Abstract Materials used in joining, whether solders, fluxes, or atmospheres, are becoming increasingly subjected to restrictions on the grounds of health, safety, and pollution concerns. These regulations can limit the choice of materials and processes that are deemed acceptable for industrial...
Abstract
Materials used in joining, whether solders, fluxes, or atmospheres, are becoming increasingly subjected to restrictions on the grounds of health, safety, and pollution concerns. These regulations can limit the choice of materials and processes that are deemed acceptable for industrial use. The chapter addresses this issue with a focus on soldering fluxes. The chapter also describes factors related to soldering under a protective atmosphere, provides information on chemical fluxes for soldering of various metals, and discusses the processes involved in fluxless soldering processes.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Brazing
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pb.t51230001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-351-5
..., and the health, safety, and environmental aspects of brazing. brazed joints brazing contact angle filler metals jigging joining soldering 1.1 Joining Methods BRAZING AND SOLDERING jointly represent one of several methods for joining solid materials. These methods may be classified...
Abstract
Brazing and soldering jointly represent one of several methods for joining solid materials. This chapter summarizes the principal characteristics of the various joining methods. It then discusses key parameters of brazing including surface energy and tension, wetting and contact angle, fluid flow, filler spreading characteristics, surface roughness of components, dissolution of parent materials, new phase formations, significance of the joint gap, and the strength of metals. The chapter also describes issues in processing aspects that must be considered when designing a joint, and the health, safety, and environmental aspects of brazing.
Book Chapter
Hygienic Practices for Handling Beryllium and Its Components
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230513
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... in 1949 and set at a permissible exposure limit (PEL) of 2.0 μg/m 3 for an 8 h time-weighted average (TWA). The Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) subsequently adopted this standard in 1971 with the passage of the Occupational Safety and Health Act [ Pohanish and Greene 1996...
Abstract
This chapter covers regulatory requirements, safe handling practices, hazard analysis and control, dismantling and decommissioning, and waste disposal. It also includes references for additional information on government regulations.
Book Chapter
Beryllium
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmub.t53550193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-307-2
... and coatings, and health and safety concerns. aluminum-beryllium alloys beryllium corrosion protection forming powder consolidation powder production BERYLLIUM is a metal with an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties that make it particularly effective in optical components...
Abstract
Beryllium is an extraordinary metal with an unusual combination of physical and mechanical properties. It has low density, high stiffness, and excellent dimensional stability. It is also transparent to x-rays and can be machined to extremely close tolerances. This chapter discusses the properties, compositions, and processing characteristics of beryllium and its alloys. It provides information on powder production and consolidation, commercial designations and grades, wrought products, and forming processes. It also discusses the issue of corrosion, the use of protective treatments and coatings, and health and safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Medical Aspects of the Toxicity of Beryllium and Beryllium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230499
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... of fluorescent lamps was discontinued in 1949 [ World Health Organization 1990 ]; however, some of these lamps may still exist and remain in use. In 1971, the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) adopted a worker-protection permissible-exposure limit (also referred to as occupational-exposure...
Abstract
Beryllium-related lung diseases were first reported in the 1930s, several years after the emergence of beryllium metals in manufactured products. Since then, there have been numerous studies around the world and continued refinement of recommendations and safety standards. This chapter provides a summary of the studies that have been conducted along with the findings. It discusses the effects of acute and chronic exposure, toxicity levels, potential sources and risks, treatment, and protective and preventive measures.
Book Chapter
Inspection, Data Collection, and Management
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... on health, safety, and the environment, and to meet legal requirements, plant owners/operators deploy other resources to monitor and maintain their plants in a safe and efficient condition. Inspection is one of the key resources used and, if properly planned and deployed, can be a very effective means...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data collection and management, namely data acquisition, reporting, trending, reviewing, and auditing. Capabilities and limitations of in-service inspection techniques are discussed in the Appendix to this chapter.
Book Chapter
Furnace Equipment and Control Systems
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... develop, institute, and maintain health and safety practices sufficient and in compliance with regulatory requirements. Furnace Heating A furnace can be heated electrically or by natural gas. The choice of heating medium depends on: Heating medium availability, efficiency, and cost...
Abstract
This chapter provides a discussion of nitriding furnace equipment and control systems. The discussion covers the essential design criteria of the furnace, types of nitriding furnaces, insulation for the reduction of furnace heat losses, and factors influencing furnace configuration and design. It also covers the processes involved in the construction and maintenance of retorts, methods for sealing a retort to prevent ammonia leaks, and safety precautions to be taken while using ammonia. Further, the chapter provides information on the factors for choosing a heating medium and discusses the processes involved in controlling temperature, gas dissociation, oxygen probes, and nitriding sensors.
Book Chapter
The Materials Selection Process
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060407
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... competition, environmental impacts, safety concerns, and legal liability. Making successful products involves a series of interrelated functions ( Fig. 17.1 ) that are not always sufficiently realized. Though practices vary, design and materials selection must be a cooperative effort with ongoing...
Abstract
This chapter addresses some of the challenges involved in materials selection, providing context for much of the information presented in the book. It describes a typical four-step design scenario, noting material-related considerations and information needs. It explains how design decisions are complicated by the interconnected nature of material properties, design geometry, and manufacturing requirements and effects. The chapter also assesses the design impact of several materials and discusses codes, standards, and specifications.
Book Chapter
Bibliography
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230523
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
.... , 1958a . Beryllium Handling. Reducing the Health Risk , Nucl. Power , Vol 3 , p 112 – 114 Brooks R.O.R. , 1958b . Environmental Monitoring for Beryllium , Nucl. Power , Vol 3 , p 539 – 542 Brown A.B. , Morrow F. , and Martin A.J. , 1960 . An Improvement...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.9781627082983
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
Book Chapter
Miscellaneous Nonferrous Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240597
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... or dust are inhaled. Sensitive individuals exposed to airborne beryllium may develop chronic beryllium disease (CBD), an affliction of the lungs formerly known as berylliosis. Users should comply with occupational safety and health standards applicable to beryllium in Title 29, Part 1910, Code of Federal...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the compositions, properties, and applications of nonferrous metals, including zirconium, hafnium, beryllium, lead, tin, gold, silver, and platinum group metals. It also addresses fusible alloys and provides melting temperatures for several compositions.
Book Chapter
Introduction and Overview of Electrochemical Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... of the consequences of corrosion include the following: Within limits of health and safety, materials should not be selected for individual products, or components of more complex products, if the corrosion resistance would permit the life of the part to be significantly longer than the life actually realized...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the basic concepts of corrosion, discussing chemical reactions, ion transfer mechanisms, electrochemical processes and variables, and the formation of solid corrosion products. It presents a simple but effective teaching tool, the elementary electrochemical corrosion circuit, using it to explain how electric potential differences drive the corrosion process and how corrosion rates vary in proportion to current density. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of corrosion products, such as oxides and hydroxides, and how their formation can be a major factor in controlling corrosion.
Book Chapter
Corrosion Control by Protective Coatings and Inhibitors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
.... Coatings with volatile and explosive solvents may be dangerous in enclosed, poorly ventilated spaces. More detailed information on environmental, health, and safety considerations can be found later in this Chapter. Surface Preparation Blast cleaning may be prohibited in some operations or near...
Abstract
Organic coatings (paints and plastic or rubber linings), metallic coatings, and nonmetallic inorganic coatings (conversion coatings, cements, ceramics, and glasses) are used in applications requiring corrosion protection. These coatings and linings may protect substrates by three basic mechanisms: barrier protection, chemical inhibition, and galvanic (sacrificial) protection. This chapter begins with a section on organic coating and linings, providing a detailed account of the steps involved in the coating process, namely, design and selection, surface preparation, application, and inspection and quality assurance. The next section discusses the methods by which metals, and in some cases their alloys, can be applied to almost all other metals and alloys: electroplating, electroless plating, hot dipping, thermal spraying, cladding, pack cementation, vapor deposition, ion implantation, and laser processing. The last section focuses on nonmetallic inorganic coatings including ceramic coating materials, conversion coatings, and anodized coatings.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... corrosion resistance High electrical and thermal conductivity Nonmagnetic Copper-beryllium dies for plastic pressing High hardness and thermal conductivity Copper-beryllium electrodes for resistance welding High hardness and electrical conductivity Safety tools in mines and oil tankers...
Abstract
Beryllium, despite its relatively simple atomic structure, possesses a wide range of useful engineering properties. It has the highest strength-to-weight ratio and modulus of elasticity among structural metals and is an important alloy addition in copper, nickel, and aluminum alloys. It also has excellent thermal properties, low atomic mass, a small x-ray absorption cross section, and a large neutron scattering cross section. This brief introductory chapter provides an overview of the unique qualities of beryllium along with typical applications and uses.
Book Chapter
Specifying Steel Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200065
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
..., materials, testing, fabrication, nondestructive examination, personnel qualification requirements, health, safety and environmental protection. The code-formulating bodies, in addition to writing their own rules, usually adopt ASTM material specifications either in total or in part as part of the code...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the role of standards and specifications for steel castings. It defines specifications and discusses how certification, testing, examination, methods, practices, procedures, compositions, properties, facilities, statistical process control, and documentation relate to codes and standards. The chapter describes processes involved in the selection of specifications for steel castings. Further, it provides information on the cost of specifications.
Book Chapter
Advanced Alloys and Future Directions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... method (CGSM) has been claimed to have promise for low-temperature deposition of coatings or to build up “billets” of titanium alloys. The CGSM is claimed also to have benefits in health, safety, and environmental aspects compared with traditional high-temperature spraying processes. It has been...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the promising developments in the use of titanium, including titanium aluminides, titanium matrix composites, superplastic forming, spray forming, nanotechnology, and rapid solidification rate processing. It also reports on efforts to increase the operating temperature range of conventional titanium alloys and reduce costs.
Book Chapter
The Effects and Economic Impact of Corrosion
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... to that in which corrosion failure occurs Still other consequences are social. These can involve the following issues: Safety, for example, sudden failure can cause fire, explosion, release of toxic product, and construction collapse Health, for example, pollution due to escaping product from...
Abstract
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material, usually a metal, and its environment that produces a deterioration of the material and its properties. This chapter describes the effects and economic impact of corrosion in major industrial plants. The emphasis in this chapter, as well as in other chapters in this book, is on aqueous corrosion, or corrosion in environments where water is present. The chapter describes the classification of various forms of corrosion based on the nature of the corrodent, mechanism of corrosion, and appearance of the corroded metal. It discusses five primary methods of corrosion control, namely, material selection, coatings, inhibitors, cathodic protection, and design. Examples of the opportunities in corrosion control and the means to implement a program to capitalize on those opportunities are presented in a table. The chapter concludes with varied sources of information pertaining to corrosion and corrosion prevention.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
... for critical components. Examples of key materials being studied include aluminum, zinc-aluminum, aluminum-magnesium, copper, titanium, and Ni-Fe-Cr alloys. Potential areas for growth in cold spray are in materials development and in material manufacturing processes. Environmental Health and Safety<sup>...
Abstract
This article provides a high-level overview of thermal spray technologies and their applications and benefits. It is intended to educate members of government, industry, and academia to the benefits of thermal spray technology. The article describes the value of thermal spray technology with examples of application success stories. A few applications critical to thermal spray and market growth are briefly discussed. The article also summarizes the key research areas in thermal spray technology.
Book Chapter
External Corrosion of Oil and Natural Gas Pipelines
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030338
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... has declined for these reasons: Reduced number of suppliers Restrictive environmental and health standards from the Occupational Safety and Health Administration, the Environmental Protection Agency, and the Food and Drug Administration Increased acceptance of other coating types...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the most common causes and contributing factors for external corrosion and stress-corrosion cracking on oil and natural gas pipelines, as well as describes procedures for prevention, mitigation, detection, assessment, and repair. The forms of external corrosion covered include differential cell corrosion, microbiologically influenced corrosion, and stray current corrosion.
Book Chapter
Biotribology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... transmission. A significant problem with eyewear used for eye protection (so-called safety glasses) is solid-particle impact. Safety glasses are required in many work environments by regulatory agencies but moreover by lawsuit liability. Any work-related eye injury can be the source of a significant...
Abstract
The chapter covers various aspects of biotribology in the context of dental care, orthopedic implants, haptics, eyewear, and stents and fixation devices. It also addresses the issue of biocompatibility and the effects of friction and contact pressure on skin.
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