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hardening
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050313
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... Abstract This appendix illustrates the effect of various operating parameters on the case depth or thickness of scan hardened components. scan hardening through hardening Fig. A2.1 Scan hardening for 3 kHz. Source: Ref 1 Fig. A2.2 Scan hardening for 10 kHz. Source...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... Abstract This chapter discusses hardening processes that involve changes in surface composition. These case hardening treatments are broadly classified into four groups: carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing. Key parameters and operating considerations for each treatment...
Abstract
This chapter discusses hardening processes that involve changes in surface composition. These case hardening treatments are broadly classified into four groups: carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and nitrocarburizing. Key parameters and operating considerations for each treatment are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
..., precipitation-hardening, and duplex grades. The chapter also describes the heat treatment conditions that should be followed for processing of stainless steels. cast iron electron-beam hardening flame hardening induction hardening laser-beam hardening shell hardening steel CASE HARDENING...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes involved in heat treating of stainless steels, providing information on the classification, chemical compositions, and corrosion resistance of stainless steels. Five groups of stainless steels are discussed: austenitic, ferritic, martensitic, precipitation-hardening, and duplex grades. The chapter also describes the heat treatment conditions that should be followed for processing of stainless steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240135
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes...
Abstract
Precipitation hardening is used extensively to strengthen aluminum alloys, magnesium alloys, nickel-base superalloys, beryllium-copper alloys, and precipitation-hardening stainless steels. This chapter discusses two types of particle strengthening: precipitation hardening, which takes place during heat treatment; and true dispersion hardening, which can be achieved by mechanical alloying and powder metallurgy consolidation. It provides information on the three steps of precipitation hardening of aluminum alloys: solution heat treating, rapid quenching, and aging.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240395
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract This chapter discusses the process characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of various processes involved in surface hardening of steel. These include pack carburizing, liquid carburizing, gas carburizing, vacuum carburizing, plasma carburizing, gas nitriding...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the process characteristics, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of various processes involved in surface hardening of steel. These include pack carburizing, liquid carburizing, gas carburizing, vacuum carburizing, plasma carburizing, gas nitriding, liquid nitriding, carbonitriding, and hardfacing. The chapter describes two surface hardening processes by localized heat treatment: flame hardening and induction hardening. It also briefly summarizes other surface hardening processes, namely, aluminizing, siliconizing, chromizing, titanium carbide coatings, and boronizing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140189
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... Abstract The design requirements for mechanical shafts, pinions, and gears often call for features with very hard surfaces (to resist wear) based on a softer core (to avoid brittle fracture). This chapter explains how to selectively harden steel by diffusing carbon and nitrogen atoms...
Abstract
The design requirements for mechanical shafts, pinions, and gears often call for features with very hard surfaces (to resist wear) based on a softer core (to avoid brittle fracture). This chapter explains how to selectively harden steel by diffusing carbon and nitrogen atoms into the outer surface layers. It discusses several such surface-hardening processes, including carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... for induction heating and quenching, the use of magnetic flux concentrators to improve the efficiency of surface heating, and the quenching systems used for induction hardening. The discussion also provides information on time-temperature dependence in induction heating, workpiece distortion in induction...
Abstract
Induction heating, in most applications, is used to selectively heat only a portion of the workpiece that requires treatment. This chapter covers the basic principles, features, and metallurgical aspects of induction heating. The discussion includes the conditions required for induction heating and quenching, the use of magnetic flux concentrators to improve the efficiency of surface heating, and the quenching systems used for induction hardening. The discussion also provides information on time-temperature dependence in induction heating, workpiece distortion in induction surface hardening, residual stresses after induction surface hardening and finish grinding, and input and output control of steel for induction surface hardening of gears.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smff.t53400053
EISBN: 978-1-62708-316-4
... and how hardening laws are used to predict strain-hardening behaviors. elastic strain levy-mises equations plastic deformation sheet metal forming strain hardening strain rate WHEN A MATERIAL is deformed, two types of deformation occur: elastic and plastic. Elastic deformation is always...
Abstract
The design and optimization of sheet metal forming operations is aided by tools and techniques that have been developed and refined over several decades. This chapter covers many of these methods and practices and explains where and how they are used. It begins by showing how the stress state at any point in a material can be expressed in different ways for different purposes. It then compares and contrasts some of the more widely used yield criteria and demonstrates the use of flow rules. It also explains how to calculate power, energy, and effective strain and strain rate and how hardening laws are used to predict strain-hardening behaviors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... Abstract This chapter discusses the basic principles of precipitation hardening, an important strengthening mechanism in nonferrous alloys as well as stainless steel. It begins with a detailed review of the theory of precipitation hardening, then describes its application to aluminum alloys...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of precipitation hardening, an important strengthening mechanism in nonferrous alloys as well as stainless steel. It begins with a detailed review of the theory of precipitation hardening, then describes its application to aluminum alloys and nickel-base superalloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410499
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... Mechanical components often require surface treatments to meet application demands. This chapter describes several surface hardening treatments for steel and their effect on microstructure, composition, and properties. It discusses flame hardening, induction heating, carburizing, nitriding...
Abstract
Mechanical components often require surface treatments to meet application demands. This chapter describes several surface hardening treatments for steel and their effect on microstructure, composition, and properties. It discusses flame hardening, induction heating, carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing. The discussion on carburizing addresses several interrelated factors, including processing principles, alloying, surface oxidation, residual stresses, bending fatigue, contact fatigue, and fracture.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... Abstract This chapter discusses the processes involved in the heat treatment of steel, namely austenitizing, hardening, quenching, and tempering. It begins with an overview of austenitizing of steels by induction heating, followed by a discussion on the processes involved in transformation...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the processes involved in the heat treatment of steel, namely austenitizing, hardening, quenching, and tempering. It begins with an overview of austenitizing of steels by induction heating, followed by a discussion on the processes involved in transformation of the soft austenite into martensite or lower bainite in the hardening operation. The chapter provides information on various quenching systems and a description of quenching techniques, namely austempering, martempering, and patenting. Difficulties associated with hardening of steel are discussed. Further, the chapter describes the equipment used for and principal variables of tempering. It discusses the causes for various forms of embrittlement due to tempering. Information on multiple tempering, protective-atmosphere tempering, and selective tempering are also provided, along with processes involved in selection of tempering temperature. The chapter ends with a section discussing various effects, advantages, and disadvantages of precipitation hardening.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900125
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... Abstract The water-hardening steels are either essentially plain carbon steels or very low-alloy carbon steels. As a result, the water-hardening tool steels are the least expensive of tool steels and require strict control of processing and heat treatment to achieve good properties...
Abstract
The water-hardening steels are either essentially plain carbon steels or very low-alloy carbon steels. As a result, the water-hardening tool steels are the least expensive of tool steels and require strict control of processing and heat treatment to achieve good properties and performance. This chapter provides an overview of general processing and performance considerations of water-hardening tool steels. It describes the microstructural characteristics and hardenability of water-hardening tool steels. The chapter discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of water-hardening tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900181
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... Abstract The oil-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group O steels in the AISI classification system, derive their high hardness and wear resistance from high carbon and modest alloy contents. This chapter describes the microstructures and hardenability of oil-hardening tool steels...
Abstract
The oil-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group O steels in the AISI classification system, derive their high hardness and wear resistance from high carbon and modest alloy contents. This chapter describes the microstructures and hardenability of oil-hardening tool steels and discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of tool steels. It also covers the selection criteria and applications of oil-hardening cold-work tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... Abstract The air-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group A steels in the AISI classification system, achieve their processing and performance characteristics with combinations of high carbon and moderately high alloy content. This chapter describes the microstructural features...
Abstract
The air-hardening cold-work tool steels, designated as group A steels in the AISI classification system, achieve their processing and performance characteristics with combinations of high carbon and moderately high alloy content. This chapter describes the microstructural features and hardenability of air-hardening cold-work tool steels and discusses the processes involved in the hardening and tempering of tool steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320021
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... ... ... ... ... 34 38.5 71.5 ... ... (a) Load, 3000 kgf; diam, 10 mm (0.4 in.) Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears after through hardening Table 4.2 Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears after through hardening Material (AISI steel) Brinell hardness (HB) Maximum Brinell hardness...
Abstract
Through-hardening heat treatment is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. In through hardening, gears are first heated to a required temperature and then cooled either in the furnace or quenched in air, gas, or liquid. Four heat treatment methods are primarily used for through-hardened gears: annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter begins with a discussion of these through-hardening processes. This is followed by sections providing some factors affecting the design and hardness levels of through-hardened gears. Next, the chapter reviews the considerations related to distortion of through-hardened gears. It then discusses the applications of through-hardened gears. Finally, the chapter presents a case history of the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... data for some gear steels Table 5.1(b) Heat treating data for some gear steels AISI No. Normalizing temperature, °C (°F) Annealing temperature, °C (°F) Hardening temperature, °C (°F) Carburizing temperature, °C (°F) Reheat temperature, °C (°F) M s temperature (a) , °C (°F) 3310...
Abstract
The primary objective of carburizing and hardening gears is to secure a hard case and a relatively soft but tough core. For this process, low-carbon steels (up to a maximum of approximately 0.30% carbon), either with or without alloying elements (nickel, chromium, manganese, molybdenum), normally are used. The processes involved in hardening, tempering, recarburizing, and cold treatment of carburized and quenched gears are discussed. Next, the chapter reviews the selection of materials for carburized gears and considerations related to carbon content, core hardness, and microstructure. This is followed by sections discussing some problems that can be experienced in the carburizing process and how these can be addressed, including a section on shot peening to induce compressive residual stress at and below the surface. It then discusses the applications of carburized gears and finally presents a case history of distortion control of carburized and hardened gears.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htgpge.t67320175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-347-8
... Frequency, kHz Approximate case depth, mm (in.) 3 3.81 (0.150) 10 1.52–2 (0.060–0.080) 500 0.51–1 (0.02–0.04) 1000 0.25–0.51 (0.01–0.02) Recommended depth of hardness in root region for induction-hardened teeth Table 9.3 Recommended depth of hardness in root region...
Abstract
Some gears may need to be hardened only at the surface without altering the chemical composition of the surface layers. Induction hardening may be a suitable processing choice in these cases. This chapter provides information on the wide variety of materials that can be induction hardened and on process details involved in induction hardening gears. It discusses the processes involved in heating, quenching, and tempering of gears. Information on surface hardness and case depth after induction hardening, induction hardening problems, the applications of induction hardening gears, and the advancements in induction hardening are also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... ... ... ... ... 56 54.0 79.0 105 ... 80 ... ... ... ... 47 47.7 75.7 ... ... 70 ... ... ... ... 34 38.5 71.5 ... ... (a) Load, 3000 kgf; diam, 10 mm (0.4 in.) Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears after through hardening Table 2 Typical Brinell hardness ranges of gears...
Abstract
The through-hardening process is generally used for gears that do not require high surface hardness. Four different methods of heat treatment are primarily used for through-hardened gears. In ascending order of achievable hardness, these methods are annealing, normalizing and annealing, normalizing and tempering, and quenching and tempering. This chapter discusses the processes involved in the through-hardening of gears. It provides information on designing procedures, hardness, distortion, and applications of the through-hardened gears. The chapter presents a case history on the design and manufacture of a through-hardened gear rack.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
...Comparison of flame- and induction-hardening processes Table 1 Comparison of flame- and induction-hardening processes Characteristics Flame Induction Equipment Oxyfuel torch, special head quench system Power supply, inductor, quench system Applicable material Ferrous alloys...
Abstract
Induction and flame hardening are methods of hardening the surfaces of components, usually in selected areas, by the short-time application of high-intensity heating followed by quenching. These processes are used when gear teeth require high hardness, but size or configuration does not lend itself to carburizing and quenching the entire part. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the induction and flame hardening, covering the applicable materials, hardening patterns, preheat treatment, quenching, tempering, surface hardness, case depth, hardening problems, dual-frequency process, and applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310137
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Abstract This chapter discusses the composition, alloying characteristics, mechanical properties, corrosion resistance, advantages, limitations, and applications of martensitic, semiaustenitic, and austenitic precipitation-hardenable stainless steels. mechanical properties corrosion...