Fig. 7 Torsional fracture of a 1½-inch-diameter case-hardened steel shaft, illustrating cracking of the hard, brittle case and transverse shear fracture at the right end across the relatively soft, ductile core. Hot etched to reveal twisting and distortion of the originally straight grain flow More

Fig. 13 Cleavage fracture in hardened steel showing numerous “river” marks. The overall direction of crack propagation is in the direction of the arrow (i.e., downstream). New river patterns are created where grain boundaries were crossed. 125×. More

Figure 5-16 Vickers microhardness as a function of test load for five hardened steel test blocks. More

Fig. 7.6 Setup for strip reduction. A, strip; B, hardened steel rod; C, pressing block; D, distance sheet; E, vertical piston; F, horizontal piston with claw; G, tools. Source: Ref 7.12 More

Fig. 4.28 Deformation characteristics in bake-hardened steel. Source: Ref 4.1 More

Fig. 56 Prior-austenite grains formed in hardened steel 40, which were due to abnormal growth during the austenitizing process, Etched: S. Bechet and L. Beaujurda. Original magnification: 500× More

Fig. 42 Intergranular fracture in hardened steel, viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Note that fracture takes place between the grains; thus, the fracture surface has a “rock candy” appearance that reveals the shapes of part of the individual grains. Original magnification: 2000 More

Fig. 7 Cleavage fracture in hardened steel, viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Note progression of “river” marks in the direction of arrow. Grain boundaries were crossed without apparent effect. Original magnification at 2000× More

Fig. 8 Intergranular fracture in hardened steel, viewed under the scanning electron microscope. Note that fracture takes place between the grains; thus the fracture surface has a “rock-candy” appearance that reveals the shapes of part of the individual grains. Original magnification at 2000× More

Fig. 76 Maximum temperature drop as a function of depth in the hardened steel during grinding with various work speeds, V w . Source: Ref 15 , 65 , 66 More

Fig. 77 Grinding temperature cycles in different depths in the hardened steel at given grinding conditions. Source: Ref 15 , 65 More

Fig. 52 Allowable contact stress number for carburized and hardened steel More

Fig. 5.51 Allowable contact stress number for carburized and hardened steel More

Fig. 7.8 Hardness of carburized and hardened steel 30KhCT as a function of tempering temperature and time. Source: Ref 17 More

Fig. 8.13 Wear of a hardened steel mason’s trowel after 50 years of use (abrasion by mortar and rubbing on bricks). The original shape of the trowel on the bottom was similar to that of the top trowel. More

Fig. 4.28 Deformation characteristics in bake-hardened steel. Source: Ref 4.1 More

Fig. 17-17 Mottled appearance associated with soft spots on a water-hardening steel die More

Fig. 2.5 Response of annealed and hardened steels under cyclic straining. (a) Annealed 304 stainless steel (cyclically hardening). (b) Hardened 4340 steel (cyclically softening). Source: Ref 2.2 More

Fig. 26 Bend ductility transition curves for carburized and hardened steels. Nominal alloy contents of the steels are listed within the diagram. Source: Ref 59 More

Fig. 3.68 Extruded bars with helical gear teeth in case-hardening steel (Source: ASEA) More