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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... metal particles near the craters, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis showed that slivers recovered from the grease had the same composition as the bearing raceway and balls. Based on these observations, it was concluded that the bearing failed due to electrostatic discharge, which would have led...
Abstract
One of the rotor bearings in an electric motor failed, producing excessive vibrate. The bearing was removed and disassembled, revealing craters and bruises on the inner ring raceway and balls along with evidence of melting and burning of metal. Scanning electron microscopy revealed metal particles near the craters, and energy-dispersive x-ray analysis showed that slivers recovered from the grease had the same composition as the bearing raceway and balls. Based on these observations, it was concluded that the bearing failed due to electrostatic discharge, which would have led to seizure if it continued. The report recommends the use of electrically conductive grease and proper grounding practices.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300391
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... Abstract This chapter covers the tribological properties of different types of oil, greases, solid lubricants, and metalworking and traction fluids. It explains how lubricants are made, how they work, and how they are applied and tested. It also discusses the fundamentals of lubrication...
Abstract
This chapter covers the tribological properties of different types of oil, greases, solid lubricants, and metalworking and traction fluids. It explains how lubricants are made, how they work, and how they are applied and tested. It also discusses the fundamentals of lubrication and friction control, the relationship between viscosity and breakaway friction, and the factors that affect load-carrying capacity and service life.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860515
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... and auxiliary materials. Areas of frequent concern, such as thermal contact, heat leak, thermal anchoring, thermal conductivity of greases, insulators, lead wires, ground loops, and feedthroughs are also reviewed. The chapter provides an overview and historical development of temperature scales because...
Abstract
This chapter discusses three measurements parameters: temperature, strain, and magnetic field strength. It stresses the measurement of temperature because it is the primary variable in nearly all low-temperature material properties. The chapter contains information on methods and auxiliary materials. Areas of frequent concern, such as thermal contact, heat leak, thermal anchoring, thermal conductivity of greases, insulators, lead wires, ground loops, and feedthroughs are also reviewed. The chapter provides an overview and historical development of temperature scales because the practical use of all thermometers is associated with some approximation of the thermodynamic temperature scale. A short section is devoted to types of temperature measuring devices. The characteristics of commercially available resistance-type strain gauges at low temperatures are stressed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390100
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... Abstract This chapter describes the properties and attributes of various classes of metalworking lubricants, including mineral oils; natural oils, fats, derivatives, and soaps; synthetic fluids (olefins, esters, polyglycols, ionic liquids); compounded lubricants (oils, greases, fats); aqueous...
Abstract
This chapter describes the properties and attributes of various classes of metalworking lubricants, including mineral oils; natural oils, fats, derivatives, and soaps; synthetic fluids (olefins, esters, polyglycols, ionic liquids); compounded lubricants (oils, greases, fats); aqueous lubricants (emulsions, synthetics, solutions); and a wide range of coatings and carriers. It also discusses solid-film lubricants (oxide films, polymer films, layer-lattice compounds) and environmental and safety concerns.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... is contaminated with a cutting fluid that is chlorideor sulfide-based, then serious surface pitting and loss of hardness may result. It can be safely said that any grease or acidic compound on the surface of a steel is very likely to cause nitriding problems. Loss of Gas Dissociation When gas dissociation...
Abstract
This chapters reviews the various process, material, and post-treatment problems that can occur in nitriding and how to troubleshoot them. The troubleshooting methods discussed relate to gas nitriding, salt bath nitriding, and ion nitriding.
Image
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 14 Carbon steel wires from a prestressing tendon of a nuclear power plant showing the damage resulting from the formation of organic acids in the tendon due to the breakdown of grease by the bacteria present in the tendon. Source: Ref 9
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Image
Published: 30 September 2023
Figure 11.40: Die pressures and shear stresses measured in upsetting of mild steel at 1000°C to 50% reduction in height ( d 0 = 35 mm; h 0 = 21 mm). 1 - Dry; 2 - graphite in water; 3 - copper in bentone grease.
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Image
Published: 30 November 2013
that the steel around the access hole below the grease fitting is actually necked down along the tube axis. The upper side of the tube is deformed and torn in a ductile manner.
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Image
Published: 01 November 2012
around the access hole below the grease fitting is actually necked down along the tube axis. The upper side of the tube is deformed and torn in a ductile manner. Source: Ref 10
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... contaminants or semisolid contaminants such as grease or paints. Generally, the cleaner is a caustic sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution for steel. The part must be thoroughly rinsed and dried immediately after alkaline cleaning. Emulsion Cleaning Emulsion cleaning is used to remove organic surface...
Abstract
Surface cleanliness requirements depend on which nitrocarburizing process is selected for component treatment. This chapter discusses the processes involved in some of the more commonly used precleaning methods for gas ferritic nitrocarburizing and provides information on the methods used to accomplish enhanced plasma cleaning.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... in cleaning titanium components. Oil, fingerprints, grease, paint, and other foreign matter should be removed from all surfaces. Cleaning is required because the chemical reactivity of titanium at elevated temperatures can lead to its contamination or embrittlement and can increase its susceptibility...
Abstract
Cleaning procedures serve to remove scale, tarnish films, and other contaminants that form or are otherwise deposited on the surface of titanium during processing operations such as hot working and heat treatment. This chapter explains what makes titanium susceptible to the formation of scale and how it can be removed via belt grinding, abrasive blasting, and molten salt descaling baths. It also discusses the role of acid pickling, barrel finishing, polishing, and buffing as well as the use of chemical conversion coatings and protective platings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... to “remember that while you are working it you must always keep it greased with new wax, for besides easing its passage through the holes, this also keeps its color yellow and beautiful.” Rather casual references to oilsoaked rags, applied to the iron wire before it entered the drawing die, were made by early...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of the history of metal working processes, the use of lubricants, and the study of friction and wear. It also explains how the book is organized and describes the method of treatment used by the authors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... lubricant Grease Adhesive open-gear lubricant Solid lubricant The optimum lubricant for any application is the product that is the least expensive, considering both initial cost and maintenance costs, and meets the requirements. Oil Oil is the most widely used lubricant because...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the knowledge of the field of gear tribology and is intended for both gear designers and gear operators. Gear tooth failure modes are discussed with emphasis on lubrication-related failures. The chapter is concerned with gear tooth failures that are influenced by friction, lubrication, and wear. Equations for calculating lubricant film thickness, which determines whether the gears operate in the boundary, elastohydrodynamic, or full-film lubrication range, are given. Also, given is an equation for Blok's flash temperature, which is used for predicting the risk of scuffing. In addition, recommendations for lubricant selection, viscosity, and method of application are discussed. The chapter discusses in greater detail the applications of oil lubricant. Finally, a case history demonstrates how the tribological principles discussed in the chapter can be applied practically to avoid gear failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... are greases and glasses. Metallic copper coatings are also used with grease lubricants, particularly in extruding the commercially pure grades. Grease mixtures offer little or no thermal protection for the die; therefore, die wear limits their use. Sejournet Glass Process Most extruders of titanium use...
Abstract
Most integrated titanium mills have primary working equipment designed specifically for titanium. This chapter describes the forging, rolling, and extruding equipment used to produce titanium mill products and sheds light on the corresponding process, structure, property relationships.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940451
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... for Rubber O-Rings • D 1654, Method for Evaluation of Painted or Coated Specimens Subjected to Corrosive Environments • D 1743, Test Method for Corrosion Preventive Properties of Lubricating Greases • D 1838, Test Method for Copper Strip Corrosion by Liquefied Petroleum (LP) Gases • D 2059...
Abstract
This appendix is a comprehensive collection of selected sources related to corrosion properties of materials and corrosion testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... unlubricated and avoid the hydraulic energy losses? Instrument ball and roller bearing are often used dry, but they are used dry to try to produce pivots and the like that are almost frictionless, and oils and greases add lubricant viscosity effects. Unlubricated, and in continuous use, the bearing elements...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effect of friction in the context of design. It explains how friction coefficients are determined and how they are used to make sizing and selection decisions. It covers practical issues associated with rolling friction, the use of lubricants, and the tribology of metal, ceramic, and polymer surfaces in contact. It also discusses the nature of rolling friction and provides helpful design guidelines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
Abstract
This chapter covers common types of erosion, including droplet, slurry, cavitation, liquid impingement, gas flow, and solid particle erosion, and major types of wear, including abrasive, adhesive, lubricated, rolling, and impact wear. It also covers special cases such as galling, fretting, scuffing, and spalling and introduces the concepts of tribocorrosion and biotribology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2021
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpsfwea.t59300421
EISBN: 978-1-62708-323-2
... using the couple of interest and under conditions that closely simulate the tribosystem of interest. Tribology literature is rife with pin-on-disk studies of oils and greases. The polished balls used as riders in such studies certainly do not simulate the rough grind on a piston ring. The counterface...
Abstract
This chapter provides guidelines and insights on the selection of materials, coatings, and treatments for friction and wear applications. It begins with a review of the system nature of tribological effects, the subtleties of friction, and the selection idiosyncrasies of the material systems and lubricants covered in prior chapters. It then presents a systematic approach for selecting tribomaterials, using an automotive fan motor as an example.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pnfn.t65900167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-350-8
... it has been machined prior to mounting. Hot vapors of a chlorinated or fluorinated solvent remove oils, greases, and waxes that may be on the specimen. Mounting Mounting of the sample prior to examination is necessary for good metallurgical evaluation. Mounting can reduce the risk of “edge...
Abstract
Examining and evaluating the nitrided case is generally accomplished by hardness testing and microscopic examination. This chapter discusses both characterization methods, as well as sample preparation. The chapter also discusses the processes involved in the etching of the sample after microhardness testing and provides practices that contribute to the safe preparation of specimens. Examples of nitrided case microstructures, using optical light microscopy, are also presented.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
...-enriched surfaces must be avoided or removed prior to forming, because they lead to notch sensitivity. Contaminated surfaces must also be removed after hot forming. Greases, oils, and cleaning agents containing chlorides (or other halogens) should be avoided on parts to be hot formed, heat treated...
Abstract
This chapter describes the equipment and processes used to form titanium alloy parts. It discusses the advantages and disadvantages of hot and cold forming, the factors that influence formability, and the effect of forming temperature and lubricants. It describes common processes, including brake forming, stretch forming, deep drawing, and spin forming as well as roll forming, drop-hammer forming, tube bulging and bending, and superplastic forming. It also discusses dimpling and joggling and the use of hot sizing to correct springback.
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