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Book Chapter
Compacted Graphite Irons
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aub.t61170091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-297-6
... Abstract This article discusses the composition and morphology of compacted graphite (CG) iron relative to that of gray and ductile iron. It explains that the graphite in CG iron is intermediate in shape between the spheroidal graphite found in ductile iron and the flake graphite in gray iron...
Abstract
This article discusses the composition and morphology of compacted graphite (CG) iron relative to that of gray and ductile iron. It explains that the graphite in CG iron is intermediate in shape between the spheroidal graphite found in ductile iron and the flake graphite in gray iron, giving it distinct advantages in a number of applications. The article also discusses the role of melt treatment elements and explains how alloying and heat treatment affect tensile strength, hardness, toughness, and ductility.
Book Chapter
Engineering Compacted Graphite Iron Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Abstract Compacted graphite iron (GCI) is a cast iron grade that is engineered through graphite morphology modifications to achieve a combination of thermal and mechanical properties that are in between those of flake graphite iron and ductile iron. This chapter discusses the advantages...
Abstract
Compacted graphite iron (GCI) is a cast iron grade that is engineered through graphite morphology modifications to achieve a combination of thermal and mechanical properties that are in between those of flake graphite iron and ductile iron. This chapter discusses the advantages of compacted graphite iron over gray iron and ductile iron. It presents examples of low- and high-frequency thermal cycling, both of which affect the thermal stresses that castings are exposed to during temperature fluctations. Information on optimum carbon and silicon ranges as well as mechanical property standards for CGI are provided. The chapter describes the critical factors that control CGI and discusses methods of CGI manufacturing.
Book Chapter
Spheroidization and Graphitization
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
... contributes to the production of spheroidal transformation products and why secondary graphitization sometimes occurs. cementite graphitization pearlite plastic deformation spheroidization A spheroidized structure , which consists of approximately spherical particles of cementite in a matrix...
Abstract
A spheroidized structure, which consists of spherically shaped cementite in a matrix of ferrite, is often desired in the production of steel, whether to improve properties, such as machinability and ductility, or accommodate subsequent hardening treatments. This chapter discusses the spheroidization of normalized and annealed steels by heating at subcritical temperatures. It explains how lamellar pearlite and proeutectoid cementite transform when heated and how deformation prior to heating affects both the mechanism and kinetics of spheroidization. It also explains how austenitizing contributes to the production of spheroidal transformation products and why secondary graphitization sometimes occurs.
Image
Proeutectic graphite. (a) Kish graphite in as-cast gray iron (Fe-4.3C-1.5Si...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 October 2011
Fig. 10.12 Proeutectic graphite. (a) Kish graphite in as-cast gray iron (Fe-4.3C-1.5Si-0.5Mn-0.12P-0.08S). (b) Formation of lumpy or starlike proeutectic graphite with rapid cooling of a hypereutectic alloy. As-polished. Original magnification: 100×
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Image
Typical graphite shapes after ASTM A 247. I, spheroidal graphite; II, imper...
Available to Purchase
in Introduction to Steels and Cast Irons
> Metallographer’s Guide: Practices and Procedures for Irons and Steels
Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 1.29 Typical graphite shapes after ASTM A 247. I, spheroidal graphite; II, imperfect spheroidal graphite; III, temper graphite; IV, compacted graphite: V, crab graphite; VI, exploded graphite; VII, flake graphite
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A batch-graphite integral oil-quench vacuum furnace with vacuum-carburizing...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2006
Fig. 12 A batch-graphite integral oil-quench vacuum furnace with vacuum-carburizing capability. Source: Ref 9
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Image
Examples of graphite retention in cast-iron samples polished automatically ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1984
Figure 2-26 Examples of graphite retention in cast-iron samples polished automatically as described in the text. Top left, flake graphite; top right, compacted graphite; bottom, nodular graphite; 65 ×.
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Image
Cross-polarized light reveals the fine structure within graphite nodules (3...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 1984
Figure 4-21 Cross-polarized light reveals the fine structure within graphite nodules (320×).
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Image
Class 30 gray cast, as-cast. Structure consists of type A graphite morpholo...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2001
Fig. 1 Class 30 gray cast, as-cast. Structure consists of type A graphite morphology in a pearlitic matrix. Type A graphite flakes are randomly distributed and oriented throughout the matrix and are associated with the optimum mechanical properties. Additional information on graphite
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Image
Spheroidal graphite in an unetched ductile iron matrix shown at 75× (a) and...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2001
Fig. 1 Spheroidal graphite in an unetched ductile iron matrix shown at 75× (a) and in the etched (picral) condition shown at 300× (b). Etching reveals that the matrix consists of ferritic envelopes around the graphite nodules (bull’s-eye structure) surrounded by a pearlitic matrix.
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Image
Austempered ductile iron structure consisting of spheroidal graphite in a m...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2001
Fig. 2 Austempered ductile iron structure consisting of spheroidal graphite in a matrix of acicular ferritic plates (dark) and interplate austenitic (white)
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Image
Microstructure of a typical malleable cast iron showing graphite in the for...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2001
Fig. 1 Microstructure of a typical malleable cast iron showing graphite in the form of temper carbon. 4% picral etch. 250×
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Image
Iron-carbon phase diagram. Dashed lines: equilibrium with graphite. Solid l...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.1 Iron-carbon phase diagram. Dashed lines: equilibrium with graphite. Solid lines: metastable equilibrium with cementite. Some phase equilibria are not affected by the presence of either graphite or cementite. Gr: graphite; L: liquid; (gamma) γ: austenite.
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Image
A portion of the Fe-C-Si diagram in the region of the graphite containing e...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.7 A portion of the Fe-C-Si diagram in the region of the graphite containing eutectic. Gr: graphite; L: liquid; gamma, γ: austenite. The effect of increasing the silicon content on the important equilibria is evident. The increase of the silicon content causes the reduction of carbon
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Gray cast iron with large graphite flakes. Nonmetallic inclusions can also ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.21 Gray cast iron with large graphite flakes. Nonmetallic inclusions can also be observed. Not etched.
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Image
(a) Lamellar graphite in gray cast iron, subjected to deep etching to compl...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.23 (a) Lamellar graphite in gray cast iron, subjected to deep etching to completely dissolve the metal matrix. Etchant: nital 10%, 2 h LSEM, SE. (b) Tridimensional reconstruction of lamellar graphite in gray cast iron. Section done by focused ion beam (FIB) and images obtained by SE
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Image
(a) Type VII, Distribution A graphite (ASTM A247). Flakes with random orien...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.24 (a) Type VII, Distribution A graphite (ASTM A247). Flakes with random orientation, curved and sometimes presenting bifurcations. (b) Type VII, Distribution A graphite in a gray cast iron. Not etched.
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Image
(a) Type VII, Distribution B graphite (ASTM A247). Flakes with radial distr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.25 (a) Type VII, Distribution B graphite (ASTM A247). Flakes with radial distribution around nuclei with eutectic aspect (see also Fig. 8.24 ). (b) Type VII, Distribution B graphite in a gray cast iron. Not etched.
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(a) Type VII, Distribution C graphite (ASTM A247). Large flakes, almost str...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 August 2018
Fig. 17.26 (a) Type VII, Distribution C graphite (ASTM A247). Large flakes, almost straight. Small normal flakes in between the large flakes. (b) Type VII, Distribution C graphite in a gray cast iron. Not etched.
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