Skip Nav Destination
Close Modal
Search Results for
grain size number
Update search
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
Filter
- Title
- Authors
- Author Affiliations
- Full Text
- Abstract
- Keywords
- DOI
- ISBN
- EISBN
- Issue
- ISSN
- EISSN
- Volume
- References
NARROW
Format
Topics
Book Series
Date
Availability
1-20 of 751 Search Results for
grain size number
Follow your search
Access your saved searches in your account
Would you like to receive an alert when new items match your search?
1
Sort by
Image
Published: 01 January 1998
Fig. 13-9 Austenite grain size (as measured by ASTM grain size number) in H13 tool steel as a function of austenitizing temperature for specimens soaked for various times. Source: Ref 6
More
Image
in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.21 Austenitic grain size as a function of the number of normalizing cycles for the steel in Fig. 10.20 . Average of approximately 500 measurements per sample. 95% confidence intervals for the average are plotted. Source: Ref 14
More
Image
Published: 01 December 1984
normally used.) A count of the number of grains intercepted reveals 12 plus 2 ( 1 2 ) for one line and 13 plus 2 ( 1 2 ) for the other for an average of 13.5 interceptions. Hence, the Snyder-Graff intercept grain size number is 13.5. To convert to ASTM grain size
More
Image
Published: 01 December 1999
Fig. 5.7 Comparison of nominal ASTM 6 to 9 grain size (with calculated grain size numbers of 6.08, 7.13, 8.03, and 8.97, respectively). Nital etch, 100×
More
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... for measuring grain size in 1947 that is widely used for characterizing grain size in steels; it is discussed in Ref 8.1 . A grain size number, G , is defined by the following equations: (Eq 8.1) n = 2 G − 1 Solving for G yields: (Eq 8.2) G = 1 + log n log 2...
Abstract
Grain size has a determining effect on the mechanical properties of steel and responds favorably to forging and heat treating. This chapter explains how to measure and quantify grain size and how to control it through thermal cycling and forging operations. It describes how surface tension acting on grain-boundary segments contributes to grain growth and how the formation of new grains, driven by phase transformations and recrystallization, lead to a reduction in average grain size. It also discusses the effect of alloying elements on grain growth rates, particularly the curbing effect of particle and solute drag.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850410
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... Abstract This chapter covers the emerging practice of quantitative microscopy and its application in the study of the microstructure of metals. It describes the methods used to quantify structural gradients, volume fraction, grain size and distribution, and other features of interest...
Abstract
This chapter covers the emerging practice of quantitative microscopy and its application in the study of the microstructure of metals. It describes the methods used to quantify structural gradients, volume fraction, grain size and distribution, and other features of interest. It provides examples showing how the various features appear, how they are measured, and how the resulting data are converted into usable form. The chapter also discusses the quantification of fracture morphology and its correlation with material properties and behaviors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
.... 2.24 Tension loading of single and polycrystalline metals Fig. 2.25 Dislocation pileup at grain boundary The Hall-Petch relationships for a number of metals are shown in Fig. 2.26 . The value of the Hall-Petch coefficient varies widely for different metals, and grain size refinement...
Abstract
In a perfect crystalline structure, there is an orderly repetition of the lattice in every direction in space. Real crystals contain a considerable number of imperfections, or defects, that affect their physical, chemical, mechanical, and electronic properties. Defects play an important role in processes such as deformation, annealing, precipitation, diffusion, and sintering. All defects and imperfections can be conveniently classified under four main divisions: point defects, line defects, planar defects, and volume defects. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the causes, nature, and impact of these defects in metals. It also describes the mechanisms that cause plastic deformation in metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2020
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtbp.t59310001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-326-3
... a photomicrograph , or micrograph for short. Examples of micrographs of a low-carbon sheet steel with coarse-, medium-, and fine-sized grains are shown in Fig. 19 . Because the grain size of a metal or alloy has important effects on the resulting structural properties, a number of methods have been developed...
Abstract
The building block of all matter, including metals, is the atom. This chapter initially provides information on atomic bonding and the crystal structure of metals and alloys, followed by a description of three crystal lattice structures of metals: face-centered cubic, hexagonal close-packed, and body-centered cubic. It then describes the four main divisions of crystal defects, namely point defects, line defects, planar defects, and volume defects. The chapter provides information on grain boundaries of metals, processes involved in atomic diffusion, and key properties of a solid solution. It also explains the aspects of a phase diagram that shows what phase or phases are present in the alloy under conditions of thermal equilibrium. Finally, a discussion on the applications of equilibrium phase diagrams is presented.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... 8.5 Grain sizes can be measured by comparison to standards or by lineal intercept analysis ( Ref 8.7 – 8.9 ). The ASTM International grain size number, n , is obtained from the expression 2 ( n −1) , which gives the number of grains per square inch in a microstructure examined...
Abstract
Austenite is the key to the versatility of steel and the controllable nature of its properties. It is the parent phase of pearlite, martensite, bainite, and ferrite. This chapter discusses the importance of austenite, beginning with the influence of austenitic grain size and how to accurately measure it. It then describes the principles of austenite formation and grain growth and examines several time-temperature-austenitizing diagrams representing various alloying and processing conditions. The chapter concludes with a discussion on hot deformation and subsequent recrystallization.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... or in eyepiece reticles. The results are given in ASTM grain size number G , originally defined by Eq 1 , where n is the number of grains per square inch at 100× magnification: (Eq 1) n = 2 G − 1 The second method is the so-called planimetric procedure, based on a proposal in Ref 13...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the context in which metallography is used and some of the challenges of analyzing three-dimensional structures from a two-dimensional perspective. It describes the hierarchical nature of metals, the formation of grain boundaries, and the notable characteristics of microstructure. It explains how microstructure can be represented qualitatively by points, lines, surfaces, and volumes associated to a large extent with grain contact, and how qualitative features (including grains) can be quantified based on cross-sectional area, volume fraction, density, distribution, and other such metrics.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
..., this description is absolutely qualitative in nature. The problem is partially remedied by using grain size comparison charts (ASTM practice E112-13), whereby the material’s grain size is assigned an arbitrary number ranging from 0 to 14 ( Ref 5.2 ). But the fact remains that in any material, all of the grains...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the most effective tools for investigating boiler tube failures, including scanning electron microscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It explains how the tools work and what they reveal. It also covers the topic of image analysis and its application in the measurement of grain size, phase/volume fraction, delta ferrite and retained austenite, inclusion rating, depth of carburization/decarburization, scale thickness, pearlite banding, microhardness, and hardness profiles. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the effect of scaling and deposition and how to measure it.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420363
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... that is 0.2 cm 3 in size, this may appear to be a preposterous assumption, but when it is realized that there are 10 18 iron atoms in such a grain, the approximation to infinity seems much more plausible. All crystal systems can be grouped into one of seven basic systems, as defined in Table A.2...
Abstract
This appendix provides a detailed overview of the crystal structure of metals. It describes primary bonding mechanisms, space lattices and crystal systems, unit cell parameters, slip systems, and crystallographic planes and directions as well as plastic deformation mechanisms, crystalline imperfections, and the formation of surface or planar defects. It also discusses the use of X-ray diffraction for determining crystal structure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1996
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.phtpclas.t64560365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-353-9
...% C, 0.83% Mn, 0.31% Si, 0.20% Ni, 1.00% Cr, 0.19% Mo, 0.018% P and 0.030% S, calculate the ideal critical diameter using the information in Appendix 1b for austenite grain sizes of ASTM 5,6,7 and 8. Plot D i against the ASTM grain size number. Solution The multiplying factors listed below...
Abstract
This chapter contains problems that illustrate the calculation or determination of such items as ideal critical diameter, the Jominy curve, and the severity of quench by methods. It presents solutions for the calculation of the effect of prior austenite grain size, carbon content, chromium content, and molybdenum content on ideal critical diameter. The chapter also contains solutions for calculation of Jominy curves and determination of minimum hardness of quenched steels, tempered hardness, ideal critical diameter, severity of quench, heat treatment, and effect of tempering during heat-up to tempering temperature.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of a typical crystal (or grain) of, for example, iron that is 0.2 cm 3 (0.01 in. 3 ) in size, this may appear to be a ridiculous assumption, but when it is realized that there are 10 18 iron atoms in such a grain, the approximation to infinity seems much more plausible. All crystal systems can be grouped...
Abstract
This chapter introduces many of the key concepts on which metallurgy is based. It begins with an overview of the atomic nature of matter and the forces that link atoms together in crystal lattice structures. It discusses the types of imperfections (or defects) that occur in the crystal structure of metals and their role in mechanical deformation, annealing, precipitation, and diffusion. It describes the concept of solid solutions and the effect of temperature on solubility and phase transformations. The chapter also discusses the formation of solidification structures, the use of equilibrium phase diagrams, the role of enthalpy and Gibb’s free energy in chemical reactions, and a method for determining phase compositions along the solidus and liquidus lines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... alloys are typically relatively large (ASTM 0 or greater) but not well controlled and are highly variable ( Ref 1 ). Table 4.2 shows how the ASTM grain size number correlates to measured average grain size. Correlation of ASTM grain size numbers to average grain size diameter Table 4.2...
Abstract
The microstructure of superalloys is highly complex, with a large number of dispersed intermetallics and other phases that modify alloy behavior through their composition, morphology, and distribution. This chapter provides an overview of the most notable phases, including the matrix phase and geometrically and topologically close-packed phases, and describes how superalloy microstructure can be modified via heat treatments and directional solidification. It also discusses the role of carbides, borides, oxides, and nitrides and the detrimental effects of sulfocarbides.
Image
Published: 01 December 1984
61 grains within the test area and 30 intersecting the circle. Hence, the number of ferrite grains per mm 2 is 3800 and the ASTM grain size is 8.94 (round to 8.9 or 9). Using the three-circle template, P L was 70.5 per mm. Hence, the mean lineal intercept was 0.0142 mm and the ASTM grain size
More
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720161
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
..., and the effects of grain size on the structural properties of the material. etchants etching grain size number grinding light optical microscopy metallography microphotography mounting polishing sectioning THE METHODS AND EQUIPMENT described in this chapter cover the preparation of specimens...
Abstract
This chapter describes the methods and equipment applicable to metallographic studies and discusses the preparation of specimens for examination by light optical microscopy. Five major operations for preparation of metallographic specimens are discussed: sectioning, mounting, grinding, polishing, and etching. The discussion covers their basic principles, advantages, types, and applications, as well as the equipment setup. The chapter includes tables that list etchants used for microscopic examination. It also provides information on microscopic examination, microphotography, and the effects of grain size on the structural properties of the material.
Image
Published: 01 December 1984
Figure 6-8 Example of grain size measurement by the planimetric (Jeffries) method (reduced 25 percent in reproduction). The above circle has a diameter of 79.8 mm for an area of 5000 mm 2 . The micrograph, at 100X, is an austenitic manganese steel that was solution annealed at 1900° F (1038
More
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... number increases to an average of approximately 13 to 14 faces on each grain at full density. Thus, sintered properties dramatically improve with densification, due to an increase in the interparticle bond size and number of interparticle bonds. The coordination number, N C , relates to the fractional...
Abstract
This chapter describes how forces and temperatures generated during sintering influence particle bonding, grain growth, shrinkage, and densification as well as bulk material properties. It explains how density, a good predictor of mechanical and electrical properties, can be controlled by proper selection of sintering time, temperature, and particle size for various steels, ceramics, and tungsten and titanium alloys.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410305
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... of 450 MPa. Assume also that the grain size of the steel was refined to a smaller size of 50 nm. According to the Hall-Petch equation, the yield strength of the nanosteel would be 11,157 MPa. This number is remarkably close to the theoretical strength of steel of 14,000 MPa. If the grains were made small...
1