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grain morphology
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Image
Published: 01 December 2000
Fig. 9.4 Macrograph of a multidirectional beta grain morphology in a Ti-6Al-4V gas-tungsten arc weld. 30×
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480031
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... Abstract This chapter describes the structures, phases, and phase transformations observed in metals and alloys as they solidify and cool to lower temperatures. It begins with a review of the solidification process, covering nucleation, grain growth, and the factors that influence grain...
Abstract
This chapter describes the structures, phases, and phase transformations observed in metals and alloys as they solidify and cool to lower temperatures. It begins with a review of the solidification process, covering nucleation, grain growth, and the factors that influence grain morphology. It then discusses the concept of solid solutions, the difference between substitutional and interstitial solid solubility, the effect of alloying elements, and the development of intermetallic phases. The chapter also covers the construction and use of binary and ternary phase diagrams and describes the helpful information they contain.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420429
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
..., cellular, and dendritic growth, the basic freezing sequence for an alloy casting, and the variations in cooling rate, heat flow, and grain morphology in different areas of the mold. It also describes the types of segregation that occur during freezing, the effect of solidification rate on secondary...
Abstract
The solidification process has a major influence on the microstructure and mechanical properties of metal casting as well as wrought products. This appendix covers the fundamentals of solidification. It discusses the formation of solidification structures, the characteristics of planar, cellular, and dendritic growth, the basic freezing sequence for an alloy casting, and the variations in cooling rate, heat flow, and grain morphology in different areas of the mold. It also describes the types of segregation that occur during freezing, the effect of solidification rate on secondary dendrite arm spacing, and the factors that contribute to porosity and shrinkage.
Image
in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.11 Morphology of the dendrite grains in cast part as affected by liquid alloy treatment. (a) Columnar dendrite grains before refinement. (b) Equiaxed dendrite grains after refinement only by cooling rate increase and (c) by grain refiner addition
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ascaam.t59190001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-296-9
... grains and the process by which they form. It describes how cooling rates, temperature gradients, and local concentrations influence the topology of the crystallization front, and how they play a role in determining the morphology and dispersion degree of the grains observed in cross sections of cast...
Abstract
This chapter serves as a study and guide on the main phase constituents of cast aluminum-silicon alloys, alpha-Al solid solution and Si crystals. The first section focuses on the structure of Al-Si castings in the as-cast state, covering the morphology of the alpha-Al solid solution grains and the process by which they form. It describes how cooling rates, temperature gradients, and local concentrations influence the topology of the crystallization front, and how they play a role in determining the morphology and dispersion degree of the grains observed in cross sections of cast parts. It also describes the mechanism behind dendritic grain crystallization and how factors such as surface tension, capillary length, and lattice symmetry affect dendritic arm size and spacing. The section that follows examines the morphology of the silicon crystals that form in aluminum-silicon castings and its effect on properties and processing characteristics. It discusses the faceted nature of primary Si crystals and the modification techniques used to optimize their shape. It also describes the morphology of the (alpha-Al + Si) eutectic, which can be lamellar or rodlike in shape, and explains how it can be modified through temperature control or alloy additions to improve properties such as tensile strength and plasticity and reduce shrinkage.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
..., and hypereutectoid steels. It discusses the factors that influence the kinetics of the process, including carbon diffusion and the morphology of the original structure. It describes the nucleation and growth of austenite grains, the effect of grain size on mechanical properties, and the difference between coarse...
Abstract
This chapter examines the structural changes that occur in high-carbon steels during austenitization. It describes the effect of heating time and temperature on the production of austenite and the associated transformation of ferrite and cementite in eutectoid, hypoeutectoid, and hypereutectoid steels. It discusses the factors that influence the kinetics of the process, including carbon diffusion and the morphology of the original structure. It describes the nucleation and growth of austenite grains, the effect of grain size on mechanical properties, and the difference between coarse- and fine-grained steels. The chapter also discusses grain-refinement processes and some of the effects of overheating, including sulfide spheroidization, grain-boundary sulfide precipitation, and grain-boundary liquation.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
..., the objectives of forging may include grain refinement, control of second-phase morphology, controlled grain flow, and the achievement of specific microstructures and properties. The chapter explains how these objectives can be met by managing work energy via temperature and deformation control. It also...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the similarities and differences of forging and forming processes used in the production of wrought superalloy parts. Although forming is rarely concerned with microstructure, forging processes are often designed with microstructure in mind. Besides shaping, the objectives of forging may include grain refinement, control of second-phase morphology, controlled grain flow, and the achievement of specific microstructures and properties. The chapter explains how these objectives can be met by managing work energy via temperature and deformation control. It also discusses the forgeability of alloys, addresses problems and practical issues, and describes the forging of gas turbine disks. On the topic of forming, the chapter discusses the processes involved, the role of alloying elements, and the effect of alloy condition on formability. It addresses practical concerns such as forming speed, rolling direction, rerolling, and heat treating precipitation-hardened alloys. It presents several application examples involving carbide-hardened cobalt-base and other superalloys, and it concludes with a discussion on superplasticity and its adaptation to commercial forging and forming operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... in steels often have a plate or needlelike shape. This morphology is termed Widmanstätten, in honor of the French scientist Alois de Widmanstätten. In the Dubé system, such crystals are referred to as Widmanstätten side plates. Primary side plates grow directly from grain boundaries, as shown in Fig. 7.1(b...
Abstract
This chapter describes the ferritic microstructures that form in carbon steels under continuous cooling conditions. It begins with a review of the Dubé classification system for crystal morphologies. It then explains how cooling-rate-induced changes involving carbon atom diffusion and the associated rearrangement of iron atoms produce the wide variety of morphologies and microstructures observed in ferrite. The chapter also describes a classification system developed specifically for ferritic microstructures and uses it to compare common forms of ferrite, including polygonal or equiaxed ferrite, Widmanstatten ferrite, quasi-polygonal or massive ferrite, acicular ferrite, and granular ferrite.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850410
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
.... It provides examples showing how the various features appear, how they are measured, and how the resulting data are converted into usable form. The chapter also discusses the quantification of fracture morphology and its correlation with material properties and behaviors. grain morphology grain...
Abstract
This chapter covers the emerging practice of quantitative microscopy and its application in the study of the microstructure of metals. It describes the methods used to quantify structural gradients, volume fraction, grain size and distribution, and other features of interest. It provides examples showing how the various features appear, how they are measured, and how the resulting data are converted into usable form. The chapter also discusses the quantification of fracture morphology and its correlation with material properties and behaviors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter provides perspective on the physical dimensions associated with the microstructure of steel and the instruments that reveal grain size, morphology, phase distributions, crystal defects, and chemical composition, from which properties and behaviors derive. The chapter also reviews...
Abstract
This chapter provides perspective on the physical dimensions associated with the microstructure of steel and the instruments that reveal grain size, morphology, phase distributions, crystal defects, and chemical composition, from which properties and behaviors derive. The chapter also reviews the definitions and classifications used to identify and differentiate commercial steels, including the AISI/SAE and UNS designation systems.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... martensite and bainite. It also discusses the formation of austenite, the control and measurement of austenitic grain size, the characteristics of ferritic microstructures, and the methods used to classify ferrite morphology. austenite austenite decomposition austenitic grain size bainite carbon...
Abstract
Heat treatment is the most common way of altering the mechanical, physical, and even chemical properties of steels. This chapter describes the changes that occur in carbon and low-alloy steels during conventional heat treatments. It explains how austenite decomposition largely defines the final microstructure, and how the associated phase transformations are driven by nucleation and growth processes. It describes diffusionless and diffusive growth mechanisms and provides detailed information on the properties, structure, and behaviors of the transformation products produced, namely martensite and bainite. It also discusses the formation of austenite, the control and measurement of austenitic grain size, the characteristics of ferritic microstructures, and the methods used to classify ferrite morphology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280025
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... also are known as geometrically close-packed (gcp) phases. In addition to grain size and morphology, (plus occasional cold work) it is the production and control (manipulation) of the various phases that give superalloys their unique characteristics. The superalloys derive their strength mostly...
Abstract
This chapter describes the metallurgy of superalloys and the extent to which it can be controlled. It discusses the alloying elements, crystal structures, and processing sequences associated with more than a dozen phases that largely determine the characteristics of superalloys, including their properties, behaviors, and microstructure. It examines the role of more than 20 alloying elements, including phosphorus (promotes carbide precipitation), boron (improves creep properties), lanthanum (increases hot corrosion resistance), and carbon and tungsten which serve as matrix stabilizers. It explains how precipitates provide strength by impeding deformation under load. It also discusses the factors that influence grain size, shape, and orientation and how they can be controlled to optimize mechanical and physical properties.
Image
Published: 01 August 2018
morphology in the prior austenitic grain boundaries and fine pearlite inside the grains. Etchant: nital 4%. Courtesy of Villares Metals S.A., SP, Brazil.
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Image
in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.3 Endogenous dendrite grains of αAl solid solution. (a) Dendrite grains and visible dendrite axis: primary and those of next orders. (b) Morphology of the dendrite branches. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM)
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Image
in Cast Aluminum-Silicon Alloy—Phase Constituents and Microstructure
> Aluminum-Silicon Casting Alloys: Atlas of Microstructures
Published: 01 December 2016
Fig. 1.2 Cast part cross section showing macrostructure and morphology of crystallites. K, columnar dendrites, exogenous solidification; E, equiaxed grains, endogenous solidification; F, zone of the small frozen grains. Source: Ref 6 , 7
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 8.8 (Part 2) (e) Austenitized for 1 h at 1350 °C, cooled at 300 °C/h. Austenite grain size: ASTM No. 00. 180 HV. Picral. 100×. (f) The Dubé classification of ferrite morphologies. (g) 0.4% C steel that has been austenitized at 1400 °C and cooled quickly enough to transform to lath
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Image
Published: 01 September 2005
at 119×. (c) Morphology in the large-grain base material at the same magnification as (b), showing intergranular brittle fracture features. Scanning electron micrograph. Original magnification at 119×. (d) Metallographic image showing the weak grain-boundary phase in the weld. Potassium dichromate etch
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
Fig. 1 Comparison of pitting and intergranular corrosion morphologies. (a) Pitting-type corrosion in the surface of an aircraft wing plank from an alloy 7075–T6 extrusion. (b) Intergranular corrosion in alloy 7075–T6 plate. Grain boundaries were attacked, causing the grains to separate. Both
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
) Austenitized for 1 h at 1350 °C, cooled at 300 °C/h. Austenite grain size: ASTM No. 00. 180 HV. Picral. 100×. (f) The Dubé classification of ferrite morphologies. (g) 0.4% C steel that has been austenitized at 1400 °C and cooled quickly enough to transform to lath martensite (see discussion of Fig. 9.17
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Image
Published: 01 August 1999
) Austenitized for 1 h at 1350 °C, cooled at 300 °C/h. Austenite grain size: ASTM No. 00. 180 HV. Picral. 100×. (f) The Dubé classification of ferrite morphologies. (g) 0.4% C steel that has been austenitized at 1400 °C and cooled quickly enough to transform to lath martensite (see discussion of Fig. 9.17
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