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gas turbines
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080249
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... ratio, and 200 ppm sea-salt injection. Source: Bergman et al. ( Ref 22 ) Abstract Abstract This chapter examines the hot corrosion resistance of various nickel- and cobalt-base alloys in gas turbines susceptible to high-temperature (Type I) and low-temperature (Type II) hot corrosion. Type I...
Abstract
This chapter examines the hot corrosion resistance of various nickel- and cobalt-base alloys in gas turbines susceptible to high-temperature (Type I) and low-temperature (Type II) hot corrosion. Type I hot corrosion is typically characterized by a thick, porous layer of oxides with the underlying alloy matrix depleted in chromium, followed (below) by internal chromium-rich sulfides. Type II hot corrosion is characterized by pitting with little or no internal attack underneath. As the chapter explains, chromium additions make alloys more resistant to all types of hot corrosion attacks.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270191
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
...Abstract Abstract This report describes the failure of a gas turbine in a combined-cycle power plant and the examination and tests that were conducted to determine the cause. Based on microstructural analysis, hardness measurements, and tensile tests, the failure was attributed to inadequate...
Abstract
This report describes the failure of a gas turbine in a combined-cycle power plant and the examination and tests that were conducted to determine the cause. Based on microstructural analysis, hardness measurements, and tensile tests, the failure was attributed to inadequate clearances in the seal land region between two stages in the compressor section of the rotor. The report also recommends changes to remediate the problem.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htcma.t52080005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-304-1
... in gas turbines, are subject to oxidation. This chapter explains how oxidation affects a wide range of engineering alloys from carbon and Cr-Mo steels to superalloys. It discusses the kinetics and thermodynamics involved in the formation of oxides and the effect of surface and bulk chemistry. It provides...
Abstract
Many metallic components, such as retorts in heat treat furnaces, furnace heater tubes and coils in chemical and petrochemical plants, waterwalls and reheater tubes in boilers, and combustors and transition ducts in gas turbines, are subject to oxidation. This chapter explains how oxidation affects a wide range of engineering alloys from carbon and Cr-Mo steels to superalloys. It discusses the kinetics and thermodynamics involved in the formation of oxides and the effect of surface and bulk chemistry. It provides oxidation data for numerous alloys and intermetallics in terms of weight gain, metal loss, depth of attack, and oxidation rate. It also discusses the effect of metallurgical and environmental factors such as oxygen concentration, high-velocity combustion gas streams, chromium depletion and breakaway, component thickness, and water vapor.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
...Abstract Abstract This chapter focuses on high-pressure cold spray applications pertaining to repair and refurbishment in the aerospace, oil and gas, and power-generation industries, the last specifically involving repair of gas turbine components. Advantages of cold spray coating in the repair...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on high-pressure cold spray applications pertaining to repair and refurbishment in the aerospace, oil and gas, and power-generation industries, the last specifically involving repair of gas turbine components. Advantages of cold spray coating in the repair and refurbishment of structural engineering components are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
...Abstract Abstract Gas turbine disks made from nickel-base superalloys are often produced using powder metallurgy (P/M) techniques because the alloy compositions normally used are difficult or impractical to forge by conventional methods. This chapter discusses the P/M process and its...
Abstract
Gas turbine disks made from nickel-base superalloys are often produced using powder metallurgy (P/M) techniques because the alloy compositions normally used are difficult or impractical to forge by conventional methods. This chapter discusses the P/M process and its application to superalloys. It describes the gas, vacuum, and centrifugal atomization processes used to make commercial superalloy powders. It explains how the powders are consolidated into preforms or billets using hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or a combination of the two. It also provides information on spray forming and consolidation by atmospheric pressure, and includes a section on powder-based disk components, where it discusses the general advantages of P/M as well as the effects of inclusions, carbon contamination, and the formation of oxide and carbide films due to prior particle boundary conditions. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on mechanically alloyed superalloy compositions, the product forms into which they are made, and some of the applications where they are used.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... several large data tables along with reference information and a detailed application example based on the design of a gas turbine disk. high-temperature applications material selection mechanical properties superalloys Overview Wrought versus Cast Superalloys The Properties...
Abstract
This chapter provides basic materials selection information for iron-nickel-, nickel-, and cobalt-base superalloys. It discusses mechanical and physical properties, the effect of service temperature, and the comparative strengths of wrought and cast product forms. It includes several large data tables along with reference information and a detailed application example based on the design of a gas turbine disk.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
.... It also discusses the forgeability of alloys, addresses problems and practical issues, and describes the forging of gas turbine disks. On the topic of forming, the chapter discusses the processes involved, the role of alloying elements, and the effect of alloy condition on formability. It addresses...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the similarities and differences of forging and forming processes used in the production of wrought superalloy parts. Although forming is rarely concerned with microstructure, forging processes are often designed with microstructure in mind. Besides shaping, the objectives of forging may include grain refinement, control of second-phase morphology, controlled grain flow, and the achievement of specific microstructures and properties. The chapter explains how these objectives can be met by managing work energy via temperature and deformation control. It also discusses the forgeability of alloys, addresses problems and practical issues, and describes the forging of gas turbine disks. On the topic of forming, the chapter discusses the processes involved, the role of alloying elements, and the effect of alloy condition on formability. It addresses practical concerns such as forming speed, rolling direction, rerolling, and heat treating precipitation-hardened alloys. It presents several application examples involving carbide-hardened cobalt-base and other superalloys, and it concludes with a discussion on superplasticity and its adaptation to commercial forging and forming operations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
..., neither of which are related to a physical crack initiation event, are subsequently presented along with several applications showing how the different methods compare. The examples provided include two-level and multilevel tests, a gas-turbine engine compressor disk, and the cumulative damage associated...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the cumulative effects of fatigue and how to determine its impact on component lifetime and performance. It begins by defining a loading history and its corresponding hysteresis loops that exposes the deficiencies of some of the theories discussed. It then proceeds to demonstrate the methods commonly used to analyze cumulative fatigue damage and its effect on component life starting with the classical linear damage rule. After pointing out the inherent limitations of the model, it presents a method that incorporates two linear damage rules, one applying prior to crack initiation and the other after the crack has started. Although the method accounts somewhat better for loading-order effects, the transition in behavior that the rules presume to model occurs prior to any signs of cracking. Two modified versions of the double linear damage rule method, neither of which are related to a physical crack initiation event, are subsequently presented along with several applications showing how the different methods compare. The examples provided include two-level and multilevel tests, a gas-turbine engine compressor disk, and the cumulative damage associated with the irreversible hardening of type 304 stainless steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... of a superalloy is its combination of relatively high mechanical strength and surface stability at high operating temperatures. This chapter provides a brief history of the development of superalloys and discusses their use in the gas turbine engines. superalloys THERE IS NO STRICT DEFINITION...
Abstract
Superalloys, although not strictly defined, are generally regarded as high-performance alloys based on group VIII elements (nickel, cobalt, or iron, with a high percentage of nickel) to which a multiplicity of alloying elements have been added. The defining feature of a superalloy is its combination of relatively high mechanical strength and surface stability at high operating temperatures. This chapter provides a brief history of the development of superalloys and discusses their use in the gas turbine engines.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... to the 1960s, major advances occurred. The need for high-strength, high-temperature-resistant superalloys soared with the introduction of the gas turbine engine for aircraft applications. Iron-nickel-base superalloys were developed further as wrought materials, new cobalt-base superalloys were invented...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... and distribution of phases, and how these processes contribute to microstructural changes as a function of time, temperature, and applied stress. It also describes several failure examples and discusses related issues, including damage recovery, refurbishment, and repair. microstructure gas turbine...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the failure of superalloy components in high-temperature applications where they are subject to the effects of microstructural changes, melting, and corrosion. It explains how overheating can deplete alloying elements and alter the composition and distribution of phases, and how these processes contribute to microstructural changes as a function of time, temperature, and applied stress. It also describes several failure examples and discusses related issues, including damage recovery, refurbishment, and repair.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... for superalloys has been thriving for 60 years, since the cobalt alloys were adapted to the gas turbine engine. In the latter half of the past century, investment casting became the only way to produce required parts from modern high-strength nickel-base superalloys that operate in the gas paths of turbines...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of investment casting to nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys. It describes the production of polycrystalline and single crystal castings, the materials normally used, and the part dimensions and tolerances typically achieved. It explains how patterns, molds, and shells are produced, discusses the practice of directional solidification, and examines an assortment of turbine components cast from nickel- and cobalt-base alloys. The chapter also addresses casting problems such as inclusions, porosity, distortion, core shift, and leaching and explains how to avoid them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... approaching 50% and heat rates as low as 7500 Btu/kW · h. Combustion turbines in utility service most commonly burn No. 2 fuel oil or natural gas; many turbines have dual-fuel capability. Some success has also been demonstrated with heavier oils and crudes, and currently there is much interest in burning...
Abstract
Combustion turbines consist of a compressor, a combustor, and a turbine. As commonly configured, the compressor and turbine mount on a single shaft that connects directly to a generator. This chapter reviews the materials of construction, damage mechanisms, and life-assessment techniques for nozzles and buckets. It also presents key information from a detailed review of the literature and the results of a survey on combustion-turbine material problems.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... industries, from aerospace to sports. Titanium metallurgy, as it exists today, grew out of the application of titanium to gas turbines. From there, the metal was applied to airframes and then to other sophisticated and critical areas, as well as to more mundane uses that benefit from light weight (low...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the promising developments in the use of titanium, including titanium aluminides, titanium matrix composites, superplastic forming, spray forming, nanotechnology, and rapid solidification rate processing. It also reports on efforts to increase the operating temperature range of conventional titanium alloys and reduce costs.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280287
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... rate (A) vs. actual (B) test rig and engine hot corrosion rates for a nickel-base superalloy turbine airfoil Fig. 13.16 Schematic illustration of the temperature and gas compositions over which hot corrosion propagation is important. Note the high rate shown at low temperatures by the gas...
Abstract
Superalloys tend to operate in environments where they are subjected to high-temperature corrosion, oxidation, and the erosive effects of hot gases. This chapter discusses the nature of these attacks and the effectiveness of various protection methods. It describes the primary forms of oxidation, the development of protective oxides, and the conditions associated with mixed gas corrosion and hot corrosion attack. It discusses oxidation and corrosion testing, the equipment used, and various ways to present the associated data. It describes the effect of gaseous oxidation on different alloys, discusses the formation of oxide scale in the presence of mixed gases, and explains how alloy composition contributes to oxide growth. The chapter discusses the underlying chemistry of hot corrosion, how to identify its effects, and how it progresses under various conditions. It also discusses protective coatings, including aluminide diffusion, overlay, and thermal barrier types, and how they perform in different environments based on their ability to tolerate strain.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
...: Superalloy 718 —Metallurgy and Applications , American Institute of Mining, Metallurgical and Petroleum Engineers, 1989 ) • The proceedings of a continuing series of conferences in Europe, first held in 1978 and at four year intervals thereafter, with emphasis on gas turbines, power engineering...
Abstract
This appendix includes selected references on topics related to the production and application of superalloys, including properties and microstructure; melting/ingot breakdown; forging/powder metallurgy; machining, heat treating, joining, refurbishment/repair; investment casting; coatings/corrosion; and modeling.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.9781627082679
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...-strength “unalloyed” titanium mill products fabricated into tanks, heat exchangers, or reactor vessels for chemical-processing, desalination, or power-generation plants. In contrast, high-performance applications such as gas turbines, aircraft structures, drilling equipment, and submersibles, or even...
Abstract
Titanium is a lightweight metal with a density approximately 60% that of steel and, through alloying and deformation processing, it can be just as strong. It is readily available in many grades and forms and can be further processed using standard methods and techniques. This chapter provides a concise review of the capabilities of titanium and its design advantages over other materials. It includes information on properties and selection factors as well as applications.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
... at 912 °C (1674 °F). In superalloys, both iron and cobalt are stabilized by the addition of nickel to retain an fcc crystal structure throughout the gas turbine engine (GTE) application temperature range. 2.1 Nickel-Iron-Base Alloys Nickel-iron-base superalloys are characterized by their high...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... exhaust gases from combustion processes of gas turbines and diesel engines, or from hot exhaust air from industrial processes, to produce hot water or steam. Waste heat recovery boilers are generally conventional watertube boilers. Here, the heat from the hot exhaust gases from gas turbines or any...
Abstract
Boilers are engineered systems designed to convert the chemical energy in fuel into heat to generate hot water or steam. This chapter describes boiler applications and types, including firetube boilers, watertube boilers, electric boilers, packaged boilers, fluidized bed combustion boilers, oil- and gas-fired boilers, waste heat boilers, and black liquor recovery boilers. It also describes the operation and working principle of utility or power plant boilers, covering conventional subcritical and advanced supercritical types.