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gas turbine components
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in Melting, Casting, and Powder Metallurgy[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... Abstract This chapter focuses on high-pressure cold spray applications pertaining to repair and refurbishment in the aerospace, oil and gas, and power-generation industries, the last specifically involving repair of gas turbine components. Advantages of cold spray coating in the repair...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on high-pressure cold spray applications pertaining to repair and refurbishment in the aerospace, oil and gas, and power-generation industries, the last specifically involving repair of gas turbine components. Advantages of cold spray coating in the repair and refurbishment of structural engineering components are also discussed.
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Published: 01 October 2012
Fig. 5.29 Complex investment-cast titanium components used for gas turbine applications. Source: Ref 5.14
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Published: 01 March 2002
Fig. 6.24 Potential components for gas turbine applications, superplastically formed of IN-718. Noise suppressor assembly (top) and exhaust mixer nozzle component (bottom)
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Published: 01 March 2002
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... components. Directional casting to create a SC article provides composition flexibility and opens the possibility of additional alloy development for high-strength nickel-base superalloys. Although initially restricted to relatively small turbine airfoil components of aircraft gas turbines, CGDS and SC...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the application of investment casting to nickel- and cobalt-base superalloys. It describes the production of polycrystalline and single crystal castings, the materials normally used, and the part dimensions and tolerances typically achieved. It explains how patterns, molds, and shells are produced, discusses the practice of directional solidification, and examines an assortment of turbine components cast from nickel- and cobalt-base alloys. The chapter also addresses casting problems such as inclusions, porosity, distortion, core shift, and leaching and explains how to avoid them.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... of phases, and how these processes contribute to microstructural changes as a function of time, temperature, and applied stress. It also describes several failure examples and discusses related issues, including damage recovery, refurbishment, and repair. microstructure gas turbine components...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the failure of superalloy components in high-temperature applications where they are subject to the effects of microstructural changes, melting, and corrosion. It explains how overheating can deplete alloying elements and alter the composition and distribution of phases, and how these processes contribute to microstructural changes as a function of time, temperature, and applied stress. It also describes several failure examples and discusses related issues, including damage recovery, refurbishment, and repair.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... creep resistance at intermediate temperatures. Ti-17 is a high-strength, deep hardenable alloy used for heavy section forgings up to 150 mm (6 in.) for gas turbine components. Ti-6Al-2Sn-4Zr-6Mo, UNS R56260, Ti-6246 Designed to combine short-term strength of alpha-beta alloys with long-term creep...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... at these temperatures are the major components of the hot sections of such engines. Fig. 1.2 F119 gas turbine engine—a major user of superalloys The significance of superalloys in today’s commerce is typified by the fact that, whereas in 1950 only about 10% of the total weight of an aircraft gas turbine...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief introduction to superalloys and their high-temperature capabilities. It explains how and why they were developed and highlights some of their unique properties, behaviors, and characteristics. It discusses their basic metallurgy, how they are processed, and where they are typically used. It also includes nominal composition data for more than 120 superalloys and a concise overview of the major topics in the book.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
..., cracked casings, cracked gas turbine and steam turbine vanes and diaphragms, welded pipes, and pressure vessels and boiler tubes are some examples to which this scenario might apply. The ultimate and self-evident criterion of failure is the catastrophic failure of a component. The consequences...
Abstract
The ability to accurately assess the remaining life of components is essential to the operation of plants and equipment, particularly those in service beyond their design life. This, in turn, requires a knowledge of material failure modes and a proficiency for predicting the near and long term effects of mechanical, chemical, and thermal stressors. This chapter presents a broad overview of the types of damage to which materials are exposed at high temperatures and the approaches used to estimate remaining service life. It explains how operating conditions in power plants and oil refineries can cause material-related problems such as embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and oxidation. It also discusses the factors and considerations involved in determining design life, defining failure criteria, and implementing remaining-life-assessment procedures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sap.t53000117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-313-3
...-9DL Turbine and super-charger wheels, industrial gas turbine blades, casings, afterburner components Low cost. High strength, corrosion, and oxidation resistance up to 677 °C (1250 °F) A-286 GTE blades, vanes, shafts, tail cones, afterburners, springs and fasteners, automotive components Good...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120079
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... on gas turbine engine components, just as is done on the larger airframe components. Table 10.5 lists typical parameters for machining Ti-6Al-4V jet engine components, such as fan disks, spacers, shafts, and rotating seals. Some typical machining parameters used to machine airframe bulkheads from...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that influence the cost and complexity of machining titanium alloys. It explains how titanium compares to other metals in terms of cutting force and power requirements and how these forces, along with cutting speeds and the use of cutting fluids, affect tool life, surface finish, and part tolerances. The chapter also includes a brief review of nontraditional machining methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... billets—from HIP or extrusion—are common in the superalloy field.) Preconsolidated billets are used as stock for the isothermal forging of aircraft gas turbine components. Conventional CP plus sintered BE P/M titanium might achieve a theoretical density of 94 to 96%. Further working or processing...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and disadvantages of producing titanium parts using powder metallurgy (PM) techniques. It compares the typical properties of wrought, cast, and PM titanium alloy products, addresses various manufacturing challenges, and describes several consolidation and shaping processes along with associated property data.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Automotive … Steering knuckles, gear boxes, oil and gas pumping parts, hubs, clutch housings Brake calipers and other brake components, differential carriers Gears, crankshafts Pinions, cam shafts (induction hardened), gears Transportation … Couplings, hubs, rail spacers, drive axle housings...
Abstract
Ductile iron has far superior mechanical properties compared to gray iron as well as significantly improved castability and attractive cost savings compared to cast steel. This chapter begins with information on graphite morphology and matrix type. It then discusses the advantages and applications of ductile iron. Next, the effects of various factors on the grades, chemistry, matrix, and mechanical properties of ductile iron are covered. This is followed by a section detailing the ductile iron treatment methods and the quality control methods used. Guidelines for gating and feeder design are then provided. Further, the chapter addresses the technology of ductile iron castings, including the performance and geometric attributes, molding and core-making processes used, material grades, mechanical properties, and chemical compositions of a few applications. Finally, it describes ductile iron casting defects and presents practical cases of problem-solving.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030074
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... turbines, heat treatment equipment N06230 Haynes 230 22.0 55.0 5.0 max 2.0 … … 0.35 3.0 max 0.10 14.0 W, 0.015 max B, 0.02 La Gas turbines, superheater tubes N06600 Inconel 600 15.5 76.0 … … … … … 8.0 0.08 0.25 Cu Furnace components N06601 Inconel 601 23.0 60.5...
Abstract
This chapter is dedicated mostly to the metallurgical effects on the corrosion behavior of corrosion-resistant alloys. It begins with a section describing the importance of alloying elements on the corrosion behavior of nickel alloys. The chapter considers the metallurgical effects of alloy composition for heat-resistant alloys, nickel corrosion-resistant alloys, and nickel-base alloys. This chapter also discusses the corrosion implications of changing the alloy microstructure via solid-state transformation, second-phase precipitation, or cold work. It concludes with a comparison of corrosion behavior between cast and wrought product forms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240563
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., zirconium, titanium, or hafnium. Haynes 25 is the best known of the wrought alloys and has been widely used for hot sections of gas turbines, components for nuclear reactors, devices for surgical implants, and for cold-worked fasteners and wear pads. Haynes 188 is an alloy that was specially designed...
Abstract
Superalloys are nickel, iron-nickel, and cobalt-base alloys designed for high-temperature applications, generally above 540 deg C. This chapter covers the metallurgy, composition, and properties of cast and wrought superalloys. It provides information on melting, heat treating, and secondary fabrication processes. It also covers coating technology, including aluminide diffusion and overlay coatings, and addresses the advantages and disadvantages of superalloys in various applications.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.9781627082679
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280339
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... can be very significant, as can coated corrosion resistance. Tensile and low-cycle fatigue (LCF) properties play important roles in larger components such as gas turbine disks and might well form the basis for a different comparison of alloys. Figures 15.1 and 15.2 use the concept...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stg2.t61280117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-267-9
... of wrought powder disk components now in use in the aircraft gas turbine field. Many compositions of the best-known P/M superalloys are basically similar to the cast alloys but are manufactured similarly to wrought alloys. The important P/M superalloys (IN-100, Rene 95, and Astroloy) were adapted in the P/M...
Abstract
Gas turbine disks made from nickel-base superalloys are often produced using powder metallurgy (P/M) techniques because the alloy compositions normally used are difficult or impractical to forge by conventional methods. This chapter discusses the P/M process and its application to superalloys. It describes the gas, vacuum, and centrifugal atomization processes used to make commercial superalloy powders. It explains how the powders are consolidated into preforms or billets using hot isostatic pressing, extrusion, or a combination of the two. It also provides information on spray forming and consolidation by atmospheric pressure, and includes a section on powder-based disk components, where it discusses the general advantages of P/M as well as the effects of inclusions, carbon contamination, and the formation of oxide and carbide films due to prior particle boundary conditions. The chapter concludes with a detailed discussion on mechanically alloyed superalloy compositions, the product forms into which they are made, and some of the applications where they are used.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120131
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
... of commercial and military gas turbines. A number of gas turbine engine components have been identified as potential applications for the gamma alloy technology described above. These include stationary and rotating high-pressure compressor (HPC) blades, stators, vanes, cases, stationary components...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the promising developments in the use of titanium, including titanium aluminides, titanium matrix composites, superplastic forming, spray forming, nanotechnology, and rapid solidification rate processing. It also reports on efforts to increase the operating temperature range of conventional titanium alloys and reduce costs.
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