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Book Chapter
Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240221
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... Abstract Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature and causes...
Abstract
Fracture is the separation of a solid body into two or more pieces under the action of stress. Fracture can be classified into two broad categories: ductile fracture and brittle fracture. Beginning with a comparison of these two categories, this chapter discusses the nature and causes of these failure modes. Some body-centered cubic and hexagonal close-packed metals, and steels in particular, exhibit a ductile-to-brittle transition when loaded under impact and the chapter describes the use of notched bar impact testing to determine the temperature at which a normally ductile failure transitions to a brittle failure. The discussion then covers the Griffith theory of brittle fracture and the formulation of fracture mechanics. Procedures for determination of the plane-strain fracture toughness are subsequently covered. Finally, the chapter describes the effects of microstructural variables on fracture toughness of steels, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract This article discusses the various options for controlling fatigue and fracture in welded steel structures, the factors that influence them the most, and some of the leading codes and standards for designing against these failure mechanisms. The two most widely used approaches...
Abstract
This article discusses the various options for controlling fatigue and fracture in welded steel structures, the factors that influence them the most, and some of the leading codes and standards for designing against these failure mechanisms. The two most widely used approaches discussed for fatigue control in welded joints are the S-N curve approach and the fracture mechanics assessment methods.
Book Chapter
Fracture Mechanics and Service Fitness of Welds
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... Abstract Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes, including brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. These failure modes can be broken down...
Abstract
Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes, including brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. These failure modes can be broken down into the categories of fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. This article discusses each of these categories, as well as the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach.
Book Chapter
Crazing and Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780204
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article discusses various factors influencing general polymeric behavior, ductile-brittle transitions, crazing, and the brittle fracture of polymeric materials. The discussion covers the effects of environment on glassy thermoplastic, several parametric descriptions of craze...
Abstract
This article discusses various factors influencing general polymeric behavior, ductile-brittle transitions, crazing, and the brittle fracture of polymeric materials. The discussion covers the effects of environment on glassy thermoplastic, several parametric descriptions of craze initiation, the kinetics of craze growth, and the effect of crazing on toughness of the plastic. In addition, the article provides information on various tests to determine stress-to-craze value, strain-to-craze value, and fracture toughness of the plastic.
Book Chapter
Fracture Resistance Testing
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780211
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article briefly describes the historical development of fracture resistance testing of polymers and reviews several test methods developed for determining the fracture toughness of polymeric materials. The discussion covers J-integral testing, the methods for determining linear...
Abstract
This article briefly describes the historical development of fracture resistance testing of polymers and reviews several test methods developed for determining the fracture toughness of polymeric materials. The discussion covers J-integral testing, the methods for determining linear elastic fracture toughness, testing of thin sheets and films, normalization methods, and hysteresis methods.
Book Chapter
Fracture and Fractography
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780404
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Abstract This article introduces the subject of fractography and how it is used in failure analysis. The discussion covers the structure of and fracture and crack-propagation behavior of polymeric materials, the distinction between the ductile and brittle fracture modes on the basis...
Abstract
This article introduces the subject of fractography and how it is used in failure analysis. The discussion covers the structure of and fracture and crack-propagation behavior of polymeric materials, the distinction between the ductile and brittle fracture modes on the basis of macroscopic appearance, and the examination and interpretation of the features of fracture surfaces. In addition, the article considers several cases of field failure in various polymers to illustrate the applicability of available analytical tools in conjunction with an understanding of failure mechanisms.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... Abstract This chapter discusses the various factors influencing the evaluation of fatigue fracture of nitrided layers. It begins by describing the problems of enhancing the fatigue resistance of machine components. The significance and detailed assessment of the effect of a structural flaw...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the various factors influencing the evaluation of fatigue fracture of nitrided layers. It begins by describing the problems of enhancing the fatigue resistance of machine components. The significance and detailed assessment of the effect of a structural flaw are then explained, using investigations of the effect of variable core conditions on fatigue resistance as an example. This is followed by a discussion on the processes involved in the evaluation of fatigue properties of nitrided steels. The chapter also describes the determination of the fatigue characteristics of nitrided steels after the carbonitriding treatment.
Book Chapter
Basic Single-Load Fracture Modes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract From a fundamental standpoint, there are only two modes, or ways, in which metals can fracture under single, or monotonic, loads: shear and cleavage. There are fracture modes other than shear and cleavage. These include intergranular and quasi-cleavage fracture modes for single-load...
Abstract
From a fundamental standpoint, there are only two modes, or ways, in which metals can fracture under single, or monotonic, loads: shear and cleavage. There are fracture modes other than shear and cleavage. These include intergranular and quasi-cleavage fracture modes for single-load applications, and fatigue for multiple-load applications. Each of these fracture modes are discussed in this chapter. The factors affecting the ductile brittle relationship are also covered.
Book Chapter
Stress Systems Related to Single-Load Fracture of Ductile and Brittle Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630071
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract In order to understand how various types of single-load fractures are caused, one must understand the forces acting on the metals and also the characteristics of the metals themselves. All fractures are caused by stresses. Stress systems are best studied by examining free-body diagrams...
Abstract
In order to understand how various types of single-load fractures are caused, one must understand the forces acting on the metals and also the characteristics of the metals themselves. All fractures are caused by stresses. Stress systems are best studied by examining free-body diagrams, which are simplified models of complex stress systems. Free-body diagrams of shafts in the pure types of loading (tension, torsion, and compression) are the simplest; they then can be related to more complex types of loading. This chapter discusses the principles of these simplest loading systems in ductile and brittle metals.
Book Chapter
Brittle Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630081
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract A brittle fracture occurs at stresses below the material's yield strength (i.e., in the elastic range of the stress-strain diagram). This chapter focuses on brittle fracture in metals and, more specifically, ferrous alloys. It lists the factors that must all be present simultaneously...
Abstract
A brittle fracture occurs at stresses below the material's yield strength (i.e., in the elastic range of the stress-strain diagram). This chapter focuses on brittle fracture in metals and, more specifically, ferrous alloys. It lists the factors that must all be present simultaneously in order to cause brittle fracture in a normally ductile steel. The chapter then discusses the macroscale characteristics and microstructural aspects of brittle fracture. A summary of the types of embrittlement experienced by ferrous alloys is presented. The chapter concludes with a brief section providing information on mixed fracture morphology.
Book Chapter
Ductile Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract Ductile fracture results from the application of an excessive stress to a metal that has the ability to deform permanently, or plastically, prior to fracture. Careful examination and knowledge of the metal, its thermal history, and its hardness are important in determining the correct...
Abstract
Ductile fracture results from the application of an excessive stress to a metal that has the ability to deform permanently, or plastically, prior to fracture. Careful examination and knowledge of the metal, its thermal history, and its hardness are important in determining the correct nature of the fracture features. This chapter is a detailed account of the general characteristics and microstructural aspects of ductile fracture with suitable illustrations. It describes some of the complicating factors extraneous to the fracture itself.
Book Chapter
Fatigue Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract Fatigue fractures are generally considered the most serious type of fracture in machinery parts simply because fatigue fractures can and do occur in normal service, without excessive overloads, and under normal operating conditions. This chapter first discusses the three stages...
Abstract
Fatigue fractures are generally considered the most serious type of fracture in machinery parts simply because fatigue fractures can and do occur in normal service, without excessive overloads, and under normal operating conditions. This chapter first discusses the three stages (initiation, propagation, and final rupture) of fatigue fracture followed by a discussion of its microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. The relationship between stress and strength in fatigue is explained. The next section provides information that may help the uninitiated to appreciate some of the problems of laboratory fatigue testing and of the fatigue process itself. Finally, information on types and statistical aspects of fatigue is provided along with examples.
Book Chapter
Fracture Mechanics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... Abstract Fracture mechanics is a well-developed quantitative approach to the study of failures. This chapter discusses fracture toughness and fracture mechanics, linear-elastic fracture mechanics, and modes of loading. The discussion also covers plane strain and stress and crack growth kinetics...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is a well-developed quantitative approach to the study of failures. This chapter discusses fracture toughness and fracture mechanics, linear-elastic fracture mechanics, and modes of loading. The discussion also covers plane strain and stress and crack growth kinetics. The chapter presents a case history that illustrates the use of fracture mechanics in failure analysis. An appendix provides a more detailed discussion of fracture mechanics concepts.
Book Chapter
Deformation, Strengthening, and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410213
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the stress-strain response of ferritic microstructures and its influence on tensile deformation, strain hardening, and ductile fracture of carbon steels. It describes the ductile-to-brittle transition that occurs in bcc ferrite, the effects of aging and grain size on strength and toughness, continuous and discontinuous yielding behaviors, and dispersion and solid-solution strengthening processes.
Book Chapter
Deformation, Mechanical Properties, and Fracture of Quenched and Tempered Carbon Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... Abstract Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite...
Abstract
Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Introduction to Fatigue and Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Ductile and Brittle Fracture
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This chapter discusses the causes and effects of ductile and brittle fracture and their key differences. It describes the characteristics of ductile fracture, explaining how microvoids develop and coalesce into larger cavities that are rapidly pulled apart, leaving bowl-shaped voids...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the causes and effects of ductile and brittle fracture and their key differences. It describes the characteristics of ductile fracture, explaining how microvoids develop and coalesce into larger cavities that are rapidly pulled apart, leaving bowl-shaped voids or dimples on each side of the fracture surface. It includes SEM images showing how the cavities form, how they progress to final failure, and how dimples vary in shape based on loading conditions. The chapter, likewise, describes the characteristics of brittle fracture, explaining why it occurs and how it appears under various levels of magnification. It also discusses the ductile-to-brittle transition observed in steel, the characteristics of intergranular fracture, and the causes of embrittlement.
Book Chapter
Fracture Mechanics
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract Fracture mechanics is the science of predicting the load-carrying capabilities of cracked structures based on a mathematical description of the stress field surrounding the crack. The fundamental ideas stem from the work of Griffith, who demonstrated that the strain energy released...
Abstract
Fracture mechanics is the science of predicting the load-carrying capabilities of cracked structures based on a mathematical description of the stress field surrounding the crack. The fundamental ideas stem from the work of Griffith, who demonstrated that the strain energy released upon crack extension is the driving force for fracture in a cracked material under load. This chapter provides a summary of Griffith’s work and the subsequent development of linear elastic and elastic-plastic fracture mechanics. It includes detailed illustrations and examples, familiarizing readers with the steps involved in determining strain energy release rates, stress intensity factors, J-integrals, R-curves, and crack tip opening displacement parameters. It also covers fracture toughness testing methods and the effect of measurement variables.
Book Chapter
Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which...
Abstract
This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which they can be optimized. It also discusses the effect of metalworking and heat treatment, the influence of loading and operating conditions, and factors such as corrosion damage that can accelerate crack growth rates.
Book Chapter
Fracture Control and Damage Tolerance Analysis
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610303
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Abstract Fracture control can be defined as a concerted effort to maintain operating safety without catastrophic failure by fracture. It requires an understanding of how cracks affect structural integrity and strength and the time that a crack can grow before it exceeds permissible size...
Abstract
Fracture control can be defined as a concerted effort to maintain operating safety without catastrophic failure by fracture. It requires an understanding of how cracks affect structural integrity and strength and the time that a crack can grow before it exceeds permissible size. The chapter describes some of methods used to determine maximum permissible crack size and predict growth rates. It explains how the information can then be used to control fractures through periodic inspection, fail-safe features, mandated retirement, and proof testing. It presents a number of fracture control plans optimized for different circumstances, examines the damage tolerance requirements used by different industries, and discusses various approaches for fatigue design.
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