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forging dies
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in Process Design in Impression-Die Forging
> Cold and Hot Forging<subtitle>Fundamentals and Applications</subtitle>
Published: 01 February 2005
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Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 2 Examples of hot work dies for (a) press forging and (b) die casting. Courtesy of Villares Metals
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Published: 01 November 2013
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Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 18 (a) Dies used in roll forging. (b) Overhang-type roll forger that uses fully cylindrical dies. Source: Ref 10
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in Forging Processes: Variables and Descriptions
> Cold and Hot Forging<subtitle>Fundamentals and Applications</subtitle>
Published: 01 February 2005
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... materials and the basic requirements for cold forging dies. The chapter also covers die manufacturing processes, such as high-speed and hard machining, electrodischarge machining, and hobbing, and the use of surface treatments. die materials die manufacturing 21.1 Introduction The design...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that affect die steel selection for hot forging, including material properties such as hardenability, heat and wear resistance, toughness, and resistance to plastic deformation and mechanical fatigue. It then describes the relative merits of various materials and the basic requirements for cold forging dies. The chapter also covers die manufacturing processes, such as high-speed and hard machining, electrodischarge machining, and hobbing, and the use of surface treatments.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040319
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... would have to be increased to within ±10 μm. Some of the causes of dimensional variation in precision forging are [ Osakada, 1999 ]: Die manufacturing: The dimensional accuracy of the dies directly influences that of the parts being produced with them. Hence, die manufacturing is a very crucial...
Abstract
This chapter defines near-net shape forging as the process of forging parts close to their final dimensions such that little machining or only grinding is required as a final step. It then describes the causes of dimensional variations in forging, including die deflection, press deflection, and process inconsistencies, and discusses related innovations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
...-element modeling is used to predict die failure and extend die life. cold forging fatigue fracture finite-element modeling hot forging wear 22.1 Introduction In forging, die failure can be a significant portion of the overall production cost. The dies that fail must be either repaired...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of die failures in hot and cold forging operations. It describes failure classifications, fatigue fracture and wear mechanisms, analytical wear models, and the various factors that limit die life. It also includes several case studies in which finite-element modeling is used to predict die failure and extend die life.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040159
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... the requirements of various forging alloys, the influence of machine operating parameters, and production challenges related to lot tolerances and shape complexity. The chapter also covers the design of finisher dies, the prediction of forging stresses and loads, and the design of preform dies for steel, aluminum...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors involved in the design of impression-die forging systems. It begins by presenting a flow chart illustrating the basic steps in the forging design process and a block diagram that shows how key forging variables are related. It then describes the requirements of various forging alloys, the influence of machine operating parameters, and production challenges related to lot tolerances and shape complexity. The chapter also covers the design of finisher dies, the prediction of forging stresses and loads, and the design of preform dies for steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys.
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Published: 01 September 2008
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Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 15 MSC superforge simulation. Disc upset forged between flat dies, showing (a) start position and (b) end position after 74.93 mm (2.95 in.) stroke
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in Secondary Working of Bar and Billet[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
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in Near-Net Shape Forging and New Developments
> Cold and Hot Forging<subtitle>Fundamentals and Applications</subtitle>
Published: 01 February 2005
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... (especially steels) will have residual stresses after cold forging; distortion occurs when the stresses are not symmetrical. Lubrication—dies and workpiece —viscosity and flow, hydrodynamics of lubrication, friction, heat generation and power losses, coefficients of friction Factors in analysis...
Abstract
This article presents six case studies of failures with steel forgings. The case studies covered are crankshaft underfill; tube bending; spade bit; trim tear; upset forging; and avoidance of flow through, lap, and crack. The case studies illustrate difficulties encountered in either cold forging or hot forging in terms of preforge factors and/or discontinuities generated by the forging process. Supporting topics that are discussed in the case studies include validity checks for buster and blocker design, lubrication and wear, mechanical surface phenomenon, forging process design, and forging tolerances. Wear, plastic deformation processes, and laws of friction are introduced as a group of subjects that have been considered in the case studies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... transfer between the workpiece and dies and between the workpiece and the environment (air or lubricant and coolant, etc.) In processes such as forging and extrusion, the average instantaneous temperature in the deforming workpiece, θ A , can be estimated by [ Altan et al., 1970 ]: (Eq 6.1) θ...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that influence temperature in forging operations and presents equations that can be used to predict and control it. The discussion covers heat generation and transfer, the effect of metal flow, temperature measurement, testing methods, and the influence of equipment-related parameters such as press speed, contact time, and tooling geometries.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... transfer devices from one die cavity to the next. Most horizontal forging machines are designed such that the gripper dies are oriented vertically, i.e., during closing action, the movable gripping die moves horizontally [ Lange, 1958 ]. 12.6 Rotary or Orbital Forging Machines The principles...
Abstract
Prior to forging, it is often necessary to preform billet stock to achieve adequate material distribution. This chapter discusses the equipment used for such operations, including transverse rolling machines, electric upsetters, ring-rolling mills, horizontal presses, and rotary (orbital) and radial forging machines. It describes their basic operating principles as well as advantages and disadvantages.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740103
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... to the fibrous structure, and the parting line of the dies should be located so as to minimize disruption to the grain flow lines. Fig. 4 Grain flow from forging. Source: Ref 5 Hammers and Presses Metals can be forged using hammers, mechanical presses, or hydraulic presses. Hammer forging...
Abstract
This chapter discusses bulk deformation processes and how they are used to reshape metals and refine solidification structures. It begins by describing the differences between hot and cold working along with their respective advantages. It then discusses various forging methods, including open-die and closed-die forging, hot upset and roll forging, high-energy-rate forging, ring rolling, rotary swaging, radial and orbital forging, isothermal and hot-die forging, precision forging, and cold forging. The chapter also includes information on cold and hot extrusion and drawing operations.
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Published: 01 November 2013
Fig. 10 Open-die forging. Source: Ref 9 Definition Open-die forging is a hot forging process in which metal is shaped by hammering or pressing between flat or simple contoured dies. Equipment Hydraulic presses, hammers Materials Carbon and alloy steels, aluminum alloys
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.9781627083003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
.... Open-Die Forgings Open-die forgings (also called flat-die, blacksmith, and hand forgings) are made on flat or simple dies by repeated strokes or blows, with the workpiece manipulated into a simple shape. An example of a titanium open-die forging (hand forging) is shown in Fig. 10.7 , a shape...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the equipment and processes used to convert titanium billet and bar into useful shapes or more refined product forms. These secondary working operations include open-die, closed-die, hot-die and isothermal forging as well as ring rolling and extruding. The chapter describes each method in detail and how it affects the microstructure and mechanical properties of various titanium alloys. It also discusses the propensity of titanium to react with oxygen and hydrogen when heated and explains how to mitigate the effects.