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in Case Studies of Induction Heating
> Handbook of Induction Soldering: Principles, Processing, and Applications
Published: 31 December 2024
Book Chapter
Corrosion Resistance of Magnesium Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030172
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...-metal contamination, blast residues, flux inclusions, and galvanic attack. corrosion resistance magnesium alloys chemical composition heat treatment grain size cold working heavy-metal contamination blast residues flux inclusions galvanic attack MAGNESIUM AND MAGNESIUM ALLOYS...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of metallurgical factors on the corrosion resistance of magnesium alloys. The factors are chemical composition, heat treating, grain size, and cold-work effects. The chapter describes the causes of corrosion failures in magnesium alloys, namely heavy-metal contamination, blast residues, flux inclusions, and galvanic attack.
Book Chapter
Soldering Faults—Inspection of Solder Connections
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... completely. A second consequence is the squeezing-out of excess filler metal that then accumulates on the external surface. Gaps (joint clearances) are susceptible to flux residue when the gap is long. Flux inclusions are minimized by using the least amount of flux and including a preheat step to remove...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the critical soldering faults that lead to quality degradation and potential failure of a soldered connection. It then describes the types of nondestructive evaluations used to inspect soldered and brazed joints, including dimensional and visual inspection, ultrasonic testing, radiographic examination, dye penetrant inspection, and leak testing, including overpressure tests. The chapter also provides an overview of destructive physical analysis.
Book Chapter
Strength of Soldered Joints
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
... stresses. Soldering surface: The size of the soldering surface also has an influence on the bond strength. The larger the soldering area, the more likely it is that the occurrence of voids or flux inclusions will increase, thus reducing the strength of the soldered joint. Soldering temperature...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on factors that influence the mechanical properties of a soldered joint, including solder material, base material, solder joint design, soldering surface, soldering temperature, and test methodology.
Book Chapter
The Influence and Control of Porosity and Inclusions in Aluminum Castings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140047
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
.... The prevention of inclusions is the product of equipment and practices that minimize oxidation, avoid entrainment, and effectively remove particulate by fluxing reactions or filtration. Degassing with inert (argon) or quasi-inert (nitrogen) gases are only partially effective in the removal of included matter...
Abstract
Porosity in aluminum is caused by the precipitation of hydrogen from liquid solution or by shrinkage during solidification, and more usually by a combination of these effects. Nonmetallic inclusions entrained before solidification influence porosity formation and mechanical properties. This chapter describes the causes and control of porosity and inclusions in aluminum castings as well as the combined effects of hydrogen, shrinkage, and inclusions on the properties of aluminum alloys. In addition, it discusses the applications of radiography to reveal internal discontinuities in aluminum.
Book Chapter
Aluminum Alloy Melting, Holding, and Dosing Furnaces
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ceeg.t59370145
EISBN: 978-1-62708-447-5
... to address them. Fluxes play a major role in the elimination of oxide inclusions and gas porosity. 7.8.1 Fluxes and Their Role Fluxes are salts or compounds in granular form which are added to the melt in the furnaces for refining or modifying the metal with the objectives to: Reducing melt...
Abstract
This chapter highlights the different melting, holding, and dosing furnaces that are available for the alternative casting processes used for the production of aluminum castings. Melting furnaces are grouped into four broad categories: crucible furnaces; reverberatory furnaces (or reverbs); stack melting furnaces (also called stack melters), tower melting furnaces, or jet melting furnaces; and electric coreless induction furnaces are detailed in this chapter. Factors influencing the choice of the melting, holding, and dozing equipment are presented. Equipment for recycling machined chips is also addressed.
Book Chapter
Billet Casting Principles and Practice
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... melting, oxide formation and nonmetallic impurities are quite common. Impurities may appear in the form of liquid and solid inclusions that persist through melt solidification into the casting billet. Fluxing of the melt facilitates the accumulation and separation of such undesirable constituents from...
Abstract
This chapter describes various aspects of the billet making process and how they affect the quality of aluminum extrusions. It begins with an overview of the direct-chill continuous casting technique and its advantages over other methods, particularly for hard aluminum alloys. It then discusses the influence of casting variables, including pouring temperature and cooling rate, and operating considerations such as the make-up of charge materials, fluxing and degassing procedures, and grain refining. The chapter also provides information on vertical and horizontal casting systems, billet homogenization, and the cause of casting defects, including cracking and splitting, segregation, porosity, and grain growth.
Book Chapter
Failure Analysis of Weldments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
..., nonmetallic inclusions, cracks, and undercuts when welding is restarted. In welds completed without interruption, discontinuities can be detected visually or by nondestructive testing. Inclusions Slag inclusions derived from the flux pool may be found at the weld interface. These inclusions can be best...
Abstract
Weldment failures may be divided into two classes: those identified during inspection and mechanical testing and those discovered in service. Failures in service arise from fracture, wear, corrosion, or deformation. In this article, major attention is directed toward the analysis of service failures. The discussion covers various factors that may lead to the failure of arc welds, electroslag welds, electrogas welds, resistance welds, flash welds, upset butt welds, friction welds, electron beam welds, and laser beam welds.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Weldments and Brazed Assemblies
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720411
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... welding (SAW) Slag inclusions Incomplete fusion/Incomplete penetration Porosity Flux cored arc welding (FCAW) Slag inclusions Porosity Incomplete fusion/Incomplete penetration Gas metal arc welding (GMAW) Porosity Incomplete fusion/Incomplete penetration Gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW...
Abstract
Weldments made by the various welding processes may contain discontinuities that are characteristic of that process. This chapter discusses the different welding processes as well as the discontinuities typical of each process. It provides a detailed discussion on the methods of nondestructive inspection of weldments including visual inspection, liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, radiographic inspection, ultrasonic inspection, leak testing, and eddy current and electric current perturbation inspection. The chapter also describes the properties of brazing filler metals and the types of flaws exhibited by brazed joints.
Book Chapter
The Low-Alloy AISI Steels
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... attached to it. If the solder at the joint region is simply melted without applying a flux, the molten solder metal will form a ball shape and not flow into the joint. Applying a flux causes the molten solder to flow into the joint. The liquid metal appears to be sucked into the joint, and, in fact...
Abstract
Steels contain a wide range of elements, including alloys as well as residual processing impurities. This chapter describes the chemical composition of low-alloy AISI steels, which are classified based on the amounts of chromium, molybdenum, and nickel they contain. It explains why manganese is sometimes added to steel and how unintended consequences, such as the development of sulfide stringers, can offset the benefits. It also examines the effect of alloying elements on the iron-carbon phase diagram, particularly their effect on transformation temperatures.
Book Chapter
Processes in Steel Production
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.msisep.t59220009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-259-4
... balance for this process. Temperature gets sufficiently high for liquid metal to drop through the lower part of the furnace, where it is collected in the hearth. A mixture of the nonreduced impurities and fluxes added to the charge leads to the formation of a liquid slag. Density difference and surface...
Abstract
This chapter describes the basic steps in the steelmaking process. It explains how iron is reduced from ore in the liquid state through the classic blast furnace process and in the solid state by direct reduction. It discusses the conversion of iron to steel and the technological advancements that led from open hearth steelmaking to basic oxygen processes and ultimately the electric arc furnace (EAF). It describes the versatility, efficiency, and scalability of the EAF process and its impact on recycling and sustainability. It explains how EAF refining and deoxidation practices have changed over time, and describes secondary refining processes such as degassing, homogenization, rinsing, and remelting.
Book Chapter
Inspection and Evaluation of Weldments
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... is the preferred method for detecting surface-breaking and, under certain circumstances, near-surface flaws in situations where a test material can be magnetized. This method depends on the flaw disrupting the magnetic flux generated along the surface of the weld by a permanent magnet or electromagnets...
Abstract
Welded joints in any component or structure require a thorough inspection. The role of nondestructive evaluation (NDE) in the inspection of welds is very important, and the technology has become highly developed as a result. This article describes the applications, methods, evaluation procedures, performance, and limitations of NDE. It provides information on the training and certification of NDE operators, evaluation of test results, and guidance to method selection. Typical examples of various NDE methods for welds are also described.
Book Chapter
Billet Casting Principles and Practice
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 April 2025
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet2.t59420167
EISBN: 978-1-62708-487-1
... melting, oxide formation and nonmetallic impurities are common. Impurities may appear in the form of liquid and solid inclusions that persist through melt solidification into the casting billet. Fluxing of the melt facilitates the accumulation and separation of such undesirable oxides and nonmetallic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses how aluminum and other alloying constituents are added to prepare a furnace charge for the melting process, and how it is cast into billets of various aluminum alloys. Fundamental aspects of billet casting are covered to give an overview of the casting process. The melting practice is discussed, as well as grain refining and degassing. Charge material, grain refining, degassing, filtration of melt, casting systems, and casting variables are discussed. The chapter concludes with a discussion of casting defects.
Book Chapter
Modern Alloy Production
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... the design and operation of melting furnaces as well as melting practices and the role of fluxing. It also discusses casting methods, nonferrous casting alloys, and atomization processes used to make metal powders. atomization foundry casting melting furnaces nonferrous casting alloys...
Abstract
This chapter describes the processes involved in alloy production, including melting, casting, solidification, and fabrication. It discusses the effects of alloying on solidification, the formation of solidification structures, supercooling, nucleation, and grain growth. It describes the design and operation of melting furnaces as well as melting practices and the role of fluxing. It also discusses casting methods, nonferrous casting alloys, and atomization processes used to make metal powders.
Book Chapter
Failure Analysis Methodology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... Chemical Analysis Chemical analysis of samples from the component provides information regarding any deviation from the standard specifications, compositional inhomogeneities, impurities, inclusions, segregations, and so forth. It also helps in identifying the nature of corrosion products, coatings...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic steps of a failure investigation. It explains that the first step is to gather and document information about the failed component and its operating history. It advises investigators to visit the failure site as soon as possible to record damages and collect test specimens for subsequent examination and chemical analysis. It also discusses the role of mechanical property testing, the use of nondestructive evaluation, and the final step of generating a report.
Book Chapter
Welding
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.lmcs.t66560309
EISBN: 978-1-62708-291-4
... is dispersed. The inclusions are composed of primary dendrites of iron oxide (FeO— wüstite ) and a eutectic of iron oxide and iron silicate (2FeO·SiO 2 — fayalite ). The eutectic melts at ~1180 °C and then can dissolve iron oxide; as a consequence it acts as a flux when it is expelled onto the joint surfaces...
Abstract
This chapter examines the effects of welding on the structure of metal, particularly the changes induced in the isothermal regions adjacent to the weld. It presents more than 150 images identifying structures and features associated with fusion and solid-state welding processes, including electroslag, TIG, gas, electron-beam, and arc welding as well as vacuum diffusion, forge, friction, electrical-resistance, and explosive welding. It also discusses the effect of welding temperature, pressure, and composition on the transformations that occur in and around the weld, and it includes a short section on brazing and braze welding.
Book Chapter
Direct Chill Ingot and Continuous Casting Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
..., molten metal treatment, control of inclusions, ingot grain refinement, and direct chill (DC) or continuous casting. aluminum alloys belt casters continuous casting direct chill ingot casting inclusions melting molten metal processing scrap charging Direct chill (DC) ingots used...
Abstract
The manufacture of all aluminum wrought products begins with an ingot or a continuous strip solidified from the liquid state. During molten metal processing (MMP), aluminum undergoes a series of operations that are described in this chapter including melting and alloying, recycling, molten metal treatment, control of inclusions, ingot grain refinement, and direct chill (DC) or continuous casting.
Book Chapter
Inspection of Forgings
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720365
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
... concentration in excess of about 5 ppm has been associated with flaking, especially in heavy sections and high carbon steels. Hydrogen flakes ( Fig. 3 ) are small cracks produced by hydrogen that has diffused to grain boundaries and other preferred sites, for example, at inclusion/matrix interfaces. However...
Abstract
In forgings of both ferrous and nonferrous metals, the flaws that most often occur are caused by conditions that exist in the ingot, by subsequent hot working of the ingot or the billet, and by hot or cold working during forging. The inspection methods most commonly used to detect these flaws include visual, magnetic particle, liquid penetrant, ultrasonic, eddy current, and radiographic inspection. This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the characteristics, process steps, applications, advantages, and limitations of these methods. It also describes the flaws caused by the forging operation and the principal factors that influence the selection of a nondestructive inspection method for forgings.
Book
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.9781627083591
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
Book Chapter
Arc Welding of Metals
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... Produce a smooth weld contour Reduce spatter and fume The slag that forms during welding covers the hot weld metal and protects it from the atmosphere. Welding slag consists of the glass-forming components of the flux, as well as inclusions that form in the weld pool, coalesce, rise, and become...
Abstract
Arc welding applies to a large and diversified group of welding processes that use an electric arc as the source of heat to melt and join metals. This chapter provides a detailed overview of specific arc welding methods: shielded metal arc welding, flux cored arc welding, submerged arc welding, gas metal arc welding, gas tungsten arc welding, plasma arc welding, plasma-GMAW welding, electroslag welding, and electrogas welding. The basic characteristics of gases used for shielding during arc welding are briefly discussed.
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