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flow strength
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in Innovative Forming Technologies
> Advanced-High Strength Steels<subtitle>Science, Technology, and Applications</subtitle>
Published: 01 August 2013
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Published: 30 September 2023
Figure 9.4: Optimum die angle as a function of draw stress, flow strength, and percent reduction [ 11 ]. Reprinted by permission of Pearson Education, Inc.
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Published: 01 June 1983
Figure 9.12 Temperature dependence of tensile flow strength at 0.2% offset, σ 0 . 2 , and estimated strength at which α ′ begins to form, α ′, of stable and metastable Fe–Cr–Ni steels ( Suzuki etal., 1977 ).
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in Innovative Forming Technologies for Advanced High-Strength Steels
> Advanced High-Strength Steels: Science, Technology, and Applications, Second Edition
Published: 31 October 2024
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Published: 01 June 1983
Figure 9.17 The differences between the flow strengths, σ ϵ of lithium and potassium at tensile strains of 0.02, 0.05, and 0.10 and temperatures 295, 195, 77, 20, and4 K ( Hands and Rosenberg, 1969 ; Hull and Rosenberg, 1959 ; Reed, 1977 ).
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Image
Published: 01 August 2012
Fig. A.15 Flow stress of five advanced high strength steel (AHSS) sheet materials obtained by viscous pressure bulge test. Experimental strain range, bulge test, DP 980: 0.05 to 0.3; bare DP 780: 0.05 to 0.33; DP 780 T-Al type: 0.05 to 0.31; DP 780 Y-type U: 0.05 to 0.35; DP 780 Y-type V: 0.05
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in Deformation, Strengthening, and Fracture of Ferritic Microstructures
> Steels: Processing, Structure, and Performance
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 11.14 Lower yield strength, flow stresses at various strains, and fracture stress as a function of grain size in low-carbon steels. Source: Ref 11.26
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... deformation, yield criteria, flow strength, and the application of flow rules. It explains how to calculate the work involved in deformation processes, how to assess the propensity for fracture, how to determine temperature rise and strain distribution in the workpiece, and how to classify metalworking...
Abstract
This chapter presents a qualitative and quantitative overview of the stresses, strains, forces, and energy associated with metalworking processes and the tribological behavior of metals. It covers key concepts necessary for understanding metalworking tribology, including plastic deformation, yield criteria, flow strength, and the application of flow rules. It explains how to calculate the work involved in deformation processes, how to assess the propensity for fracture, how to determine temperature rise and strain distribution in the workpiece, and how to classify metalworking processes based on related tribology.
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in Deformation and Recrystallization of Titanium and Its Alloys[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 5.12 Stress-strain relationship. (a) True stress/true strain derived from tensile testing a specimen and measuring the actual area at each strain. (b) Strengthening effect of manganese on flow strength of titanium-manganese alloys annealed at 750 °C (1380 °F)
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Published: 01 June 1983
Figure 9.32 The effects of tensile prestrain at 298 and 371 K on the subsequent transformation-to-martensite temperature, T ms(d) , and on the influence of tensile stress on the temperature at which the flow strength decreases with continued loading, T mσ ( Richman and Bolling, 1971
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700225
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... on active drawbeads shows that a controllable restraining force, caused by adjusting the penetration of drawbeads, can improve sheet metal formability ( Ref 15.6 ). Drawbead restraining forces, at a constant depth, increase with the flow strength of the sheet metal because bending deformation around...
Abstract
The increased use of advanced high-strength steels to achieve weight reduction in automobiles has led to the development of innovative tool designs and manufacturing processes. Among these technologies and processes are: real-time process control, active drawbeads, active binders, flexible binders, and flexible rolling. This chapter presents the implementation, advantages, disadvantages, and applications of these processes and technologies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410247
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... of drawbeads, can improve sheet metal formability ( Ref 15.6 ). Drawbead restraining forces at a constant depth increase with the sheet metal flow strength because bending deformation around the bead requires higher stresses for stronger materials. The drawbead restraining forces for AHSS are expected...
Abstract
The increased use of advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) to achieve weight reduction in automobiles has led to the development of tool designs and innovative manufacturing processes. These technologies and processes include: real-time process control, active drawbeads, active binders, flexible binders, flexible rolling, and additive manufacturing. This chapter focuses on these processes and technologies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... to accommodate the shape change of the martensitic shear transformation. In Fig. 9.1 , a range of possible T ms values is illustrated. Characteristics such as flow strengths, defect formation energies, and elastic constants affect the ease of transformation by contributing to the strain energies associated...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates on very low-temperature martensitic transformations, which are of great concern for cryogenic applications and research. The principal transformation characteristics are reviewed and then elaborated. The material classes or alloy systems that exhibit martensitic transformations at very low temperatures are discussed. In particular, the martensitic transformations and their effects in austenitic stainless steels, iron-nickel alloys, practical superconductors, alkali metals, solidified gases, and polymers are discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... extrusion theories lead to solutions where the extrusion pressure p e at the end of the stroke is proportional to strain, or: (10.5) p e = σ f m ( a + b ϵ ) , where σ fm is the mean flow strength of the material. The term in parentheses takes into account the pressure...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the mechanics and tribology associated with the extrusion of bars, sections, and tubes. It covers direct and indirect extrusion processes in detail and demonstrates the use of important equations, relationships, and measurements for determining pressure, force, material flow, friction, die wear, heat generation, and lubrication requirements. The chapter also provides information on hydrostatic, friction-assisted, and severe plastic deformation extrusion processes, discusses the cause of instabilities and defects, and explains how to select and apply lubricants to minimize friction and die wear when extruding steel, aluminum, copper, and refractory metals.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1983
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mlt.t62860237
EISBN: 978-1-62708-348-5
... for further plastic strain is commonly referred to as the flow stress; the flow stress at which plastic strain is first detected is called the critical resolved shear strength . Because the flow stress depends on the strain, it cannot be used as a material property unless the strain level is specified...
Abstract
The mechanical properties of a material describe the relations between the stresses acting on the material and its resulting deformations. Stresses capable of producing permanent deformations, which remain after the stresses are removed, are considered in this chapter. The effects of cryogenic temperatures on the mechanical properties of metals and alloys are reviewed in this chapter; the effects on polymers and glasses are discussed briefly. The fundamental mechanisms controlling temperature-dependent mechanical behavior, phenomena encountered in low-temperature testing, and the mechanical properties of some representative engineering metals and alloys are described. Modifications of test procedures for low temperatures and sources of data are also included.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 October 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta2.t59410195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-482-6
... is determined by the work-hardening rate of the material; thus, the related tensile strength level increases with the increase in that rate. A higher work-hardening rate causes greater loads on the press, tools, lubricant, and other load points. In a forming operation, the flow stress determines...
Abstract
This chapter describes the nature of the problems arising from using advanced high-strength steels, including limited formability, reduced weldability, increased springback, elevated press tonnage, and accelerated die wear, and discusses potential remedies to minimize the adverse effects that may limit the adoption of AHSS in the automotive industry.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ahsssta.t53700177
EISBN: 978-1-62708-279-2
... is determined by the work-hardening rate of the material; its tensile strength level increases with increase in that rate. Increased work hardening creates higher loads on press, tools, lubricant, and other load points. In a forming operation, the flow stress determines the magnitude of the forming load...
Abstract
This chapter describes the nature of the problems arising from using advanced high-strength steels (AHSS) and discusses potential remedies to minimize the adverse effects that may limit the adoption of AHSS in the automotive industry. The discussion provides information on press energy, springback, residual stress, die wear, hot forming, downgaging limits, welding, binders, draw beads, and tool material wear.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410405
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... tensile strength associated with necking instability and nonuniform deformation. The fracture surface of the 4340 specimen showed cleavage facets, a possible result of dynamic strain aging that limits ductility. Fig. 18.2 Flow stresses as a function of test temperature and strain rate...
Abstract
Steels with martensitic and tempered martensitic microstructures, though sometimes perceived as brittle, exhibit plasticity and ductile fracture behavior under certain conditions. This chapter describes the alloying and tempering conditions that produce a ductile form of martensite in low-carbon steels. It also discusses the effect of tempering temperature on the mechanical behavior and deformation properties of medium-carbon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390064
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... are stiffened by a structure that has to be broken down before flow can begin; a definite yield strength is first measured beyond which the stress is again a function of strain rate, as in a viscous fluid ( Fig. 5.3b ). Such substances are exemplified by greases in which the soap structure must be broken down...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the basic theory of lubrication in the context of metal forming applications. It discusses the rheological properties of fluids and their effect on fluid-film thickness at pressures, temperatures, and loading conditions typical of metal working processes. It describes the three lubrication regimes (boundary, mixed, and hydrodynamic) of a Stribeck curve and the forces that maintain surface separation. It also discusses mixed, elastohydrodynamic, plastohydrodynamic, and solid or semi-solid lubrication, the effects of starvation and frictional instabilities, and the role of elastic deflection and ultrasonic vibration.
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Published: 30 April 2020
Fig. 5.16 Comparative plots of different flow responses. Newtonian flow is ideal, with a linear relation between applied stress and flow rate. Most powder-binder feedstock has a yield strength, so flow initiates after a required strength is exceeded. Generally, the flow rate changes
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