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fitness-for-service
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... into the categories of fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. This article discusses each of these categories, as well as the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach. brittle fracture buckling corrosion ductile fracture environmental cracking fatigue fitness-for-service...
Abstract
Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes, including brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. These failure modes can be broken down into the categories of fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. This article discusses each of these categories, as well as the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270146
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... Abstract During a major servicing of an aircraft, cracks were found in the bottom wing root fitting. Based on dye penetrant inspection and the results of SEM fractography and chemical analysis, investigators concluded that the cracks were due to stress corrosion. They also recommended...
Abstract
During a major servicing of an aircraft, cracks were found in the bottom wing root fitting. Based on dye penetrant inspection and the results of SEM fractography and chemical analysis, investigators concluded that the cracks were due to stress corrosion. They also recommended an inspection of all other aircraft with similar fittings and the consideration of alternate materials that are less prone to stress-corrosion cracking.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... Abstract A systematic procedure for minimizing risks involved in heat treated steel components requires a combination of metallurgical failure analysis and fitness for service with respect to safety and reliability based on risk analysis. This chapter begins with an overview of heat treat...
Abstract
A systematic procedure for minimizing risks involved in heat treated steel components requires a combination of metallurgical failure analysis and fitness for service with respect to safety and reliability based on risk analysis. This chapter begins with an overview of heat treat processing of steels. This is followed by sections on various aspects of heat treatment design and heat treating practices for minimizing distortion. Influence of design, steel grade, and condition is then illustrated in the examples of failures due to heat treatment. A procedure is analyzed to improve the performance of the design process of a component. A heat-transfer model, coupling with a phase transformation model, a thermomechanical model, and a thermochemical model, is also considered. The chapter further provides information on the failure aspects of and heat treatment procedures applied to welded components. It ends with a section on risk-based approach applicable to heat treated steel components.
Image
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 4 Flow diagram showing the relationship between the design phase and the investigative tasks for in-service failure, structural aging, and fitness-for-service of structural components. Source: Ref 1
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030360
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., radiographs, measurements, and live monitoring data. To turn inspection data into meaningful knowledge regarding fitness for service requires further data in terms of design, operation, construction, process, chemistry, maintenance records, and so forth. The requirements for handling such quantities of data...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates almost exclusively on inspection techniques related to pressure vessels and pipework. The discussion covers the general aspects associated with inspection and the key factors relevant to it. In addition, the chapter addresses processes involved in data collection and management, namely data acquisition, reporting, trending, reviewing, and auditing. Capabilities and limitations of in-service inspection techniques are discussed in the Appendix to this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630023
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... different types of pure loads. In actual service, combined stresses are usually present; therefore, modifications of these elastic stresses are necessary to fit individual cases. Also, component shapes need to be modified from the simple shapes shown. Obviously, if the elastic stress range is exceeded...
Abstract
The relationship of stress and strength gradients must be considered simultaneously in analysis of a particular type of fracture. This chapter discusses the principal elastic stress distribution in members of various shapes under different types of pure loads. A basic understanding of both the stress and strength gradients of metal parts with and without stress concentrations and under different types of loading is provided. The chapter also describes the effect of service conditions on applied stresses.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... service applications. Fig. 8.1 Malleable iron applications, (a) pole line iron fitting; (b) malleable fitting. Source: Ref 1 . Courtesy of American Foundry Society (AFS) 8.2 Malleabilization Process Malleable iron is produced by first casting iron of suitable compositions to produce...
Abstract
Malleable iron has unique properties that justify its application in the metal working industry. This chapter discusses the advantages, limitations, and mechanical properties of malleable iron; provides a description of the malleabilization process; and presents manufacturing guidelines for malleable iron castings.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.jub.t53290207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-306-5
... thread fit that balances fastener performance, manufacturing economy, and convenience. Nearly 90% of all commercial and industrial fasteners produced in North America have this class of thread fit. Classes 3A and 3B are suited for close-tolerance fasteners. These fasteners are intended for service...
Abstract
This chapter presents a comprehensive coverage of mechanical fastening methods. It begins with a discussion on the advantages and disadvantages of mechanical fastening followed by sections providing information on mechanically fastened joints and the selection of the correct fastener system. The chapter then describes important structural fasteners, namely bolts, screws, pins, collar fasteners, rivets, blind fasteners, machine pins, and spring clip fasteners. The following sections describe the process involved in presses, shrink fits, hole generation, and fastener installation. The chapter ends with information on miscellaneous mechanical fastening methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2016
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hpcspa.t54460227
EISBN: 978-1-62708-285-3
... in the repair process are to precoat the surface, apply a primer, and then apply the top coat. A repaired panel is shown in Fig. 9.11 . This repair demonstrated the ability of HPCS to restore the panel to full form, fit, and function. The repaired panel has been in service since August 2012. The repair process...
Abstract
High-pressure cold spray repair process has been used on a number of different applications in the defense industry. This chapter describes various applications for cold spray systems that have operating pressures greater than 2.4 MPa (350 psi) and operating temperatures greater than 500 deg C (930 deg F).
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... Abstract This chapter identifies the primary causes of service failures and discusses the types of defects from which they stem. It presents more than a dozen examples of failures attributed to such causes as design defects, material defects, and manufacturing or processing defects as well...
Abstract
This chapter identifies the primary causes of service failures and discusses the types of defects from which they stem. It presents more than a dozen examples of failures attributed to such causes as design defects, material defects, and manufacturing or processing defects as well as assembly errors, abnormal operating conditions, and inadequate maintenance. It also describes the precise usage of terms such as defect, flaw, imperfection, and discontinuity.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ttg2.t61120295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-269-3
...: 888-402-7876 Fax: 330-264-4316 Same day shipping of titanium sheet, plate, bar, pipe, fittings, fasteners. Full-service fabrications, machining, welding, and design also available Astrolite Alloys Div. of AstroCosmos Metallurgical, Inc. 1201 Vanguard Dr. Oxnard, CA 93033 Tel: 888-278-7644 Fax...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930113
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... is that the data from these tests can be used directly in fracture mechanics fitness-for-service procedures to assess the tolerance of the structure to the presence of defects and cracks. The parameters that affect the toughness of a material include: Material grade and chemistry Strength and hardness...
Abstract
This article discusses the various options for controlling fatigue and fracture in welded steel structures, the factors that influence them the most, and some of the leading codes and standards for designing against these failure mechanisms. The two most widely used approaches discussed for fatigue control in welded joints are the S-N curve approach and the fracture mechanics assessment methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270175
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... Abstract Several hydraulic pumps that failed in service on a particular type of aircraft were received for analysis. Hydraulic testing was not an option, so the pumps were disassembled and their plungers and cylinders were cleaned and examined. Based on their observations, investigators...
Abstract
Several hydraulic pumps that failed in service on a particular type of aircraft were received for analysis. Hydraulic testing was not an option, so the pumps were disassembled and their plungers and cylinders were cleaned and examined. Based on their observations, investigators concluded that cavitation erosion damaged the plungers, causing them to seize.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
..., which will necessarily differ as the cause differs. The procedure may consist of using a better weld contour, a more favorable filler metal, a more appropriate heat input (a different cooling rate for the weld metal and the HAZ), a more accurate fit-up, a higher-quality base metal, or different service...
Abstract
Weldment failures may be divided into two classes: those identified during inspection and mechanical testing and those discovered in service. Failures in service arise from fracture, wear, corrosion, or deformation. In this article, major attention is directed toward the analysis of service failures. The discussion covers various factors that may lead to the failure of arc welds, electroslag welds, electrogas welds, resistance welds, flash welds, upset butt welds, friction welds, electron beam welds, and laser beam welds.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of components is shown in Fig. 4 . Fig. 4 Flow diagram showing the relationship between the design phase and the investigative tasks for in-service failure, structural aging, and fitness-for-service of structural components. Source: Ref 1 One alternative for avoiding failures used in the past...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
.... A discontinuity constituting a danger to the fitness-for-service of a weld is a defect. By definition, a defect is a condition that must be removed or corrected ( Ref 1 ). The word “defect” should therefore be carefully used, because it implies that a weld is defective and requires corrective measures...
Abstract
Discontinuities are interruptions in the desirable physical structure of a weld. This article describes the types of weld discontinuities that are characteristic of the principal welding processes. Discontinuities covered are metallurgical discontinuities, discontinuities associated with specialized welding processes, and base metal discontinuities. In addition, information on the common inspection methods used to detect these discontinuities is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
..., such as: A geometry that assures component fitness for functionality A configuration that assures manufacturability and target quality with the least cost, and A product that can be brought to market in the least amount of time Fig. 2.1 Expertise and goals of product designers and casting engineers...
Abstract
This chapter is a brief account of various factors pertinent to the development of an engineering component. The discussion covers the disciplines and interactions of design development, engineering of component design, validation of design and process analysis, and matrix of design and manufacturing elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200007
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... industry where serious corrosion problems are encountered, often at high temperatures, are shown in Figure 2-91 . Fig. 2-91 Stainless CF-8 cast steel fittings of several sizes The U-bend for petrochemical service, Figure 2-92 , is a high nickel-chromium cast steel (HK) and is welded to high...
Abstract
Steel castings are produced in thousands of designs for different applications. They fill needs in many industries, including transportation, construction machinery, earthmoving equipment, rolling mills, mining, oil and gas exploration, and power generation. This chapter touches upon the variety of applications for which steel castings can be supplied and the ranges of casting size and complexity. Photographs in this chapter provide an understanding of these applications, their size and complexity, and the types of cast steels produced.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200298
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... discussed. formability cast heat-resistant steel alloys cast high alloy steel hot gas corrosion resistance mechanical properties Definitions and Alloy Classification Cast heat-resistant alloys are primarily used in applications where service temperatures exceed 1200 °F (650 °C) and may...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed discussion on the definitions, alloy classification, alloy selection, mechanical properties, hot gas corrosion resistance, and formability of heat-resistant high alloy steels. In addition, the applications of cast heat-resistant alloys are also discussed.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870063
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... and industrial environments. Specimens were 13 mm (½ in.) plate. Another environmental condition that influences the occurrence of exfoliation to a marked degree is the use of deicing salts. For example, forged truck wheels made of an aluminum-copper alloy (2024-T4) give corrosion-free service for many...
Abstract
This chapter describes the mechanisms, characteristics, and prevention of intergranular and exfoliation corrosion in various aluminum alloys. It discusses susceptible alloys and recommended tempers and presents several examples of exfoliation in aircraft components. It also explains how the two forms of corrosion are related to stress-corrosion cracking.
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