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in Conventional Heat Treatment—Basic Concepts
> Metallography of Steels: Interpretation of Structure and the Effects of Processing
Published: 01 August 2018
Fig. 10.44 Cross section of a hand file. The white, external region corresponds to the area that transformed to martensite on quenching. The gray central area corresponds to the region where the cooling rate was not sufficiently high to form 100% martensite. Etchant: nital.
More
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110506
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Methodology Overview Test floor data collection must comprehend the variety of tester platforms used, data file formats, data sampling plans, and file management concerns. Integration includes both in-house and third party hardware and software aspects. The Test Engineering groups must efficiently...
Abstract
Semiconductor memories are superb drivers for process yield and reliability improvement because of their highly structured architecture and use of aggressive layout rules. This combination provides outstanding failure signature analysis possibilities for the entire design, manufacturing, and test process. This article discusses five key disciplines of the signature analysis process that need to be orchestrated within the organization: design for test practices, test floor data collection methodology, post-test data analysis tools, root cause theorization, and physical failure analysis strategies.
Image
in Secondary Working of Bar and Billet[1]
> Titanium: Physical Metallurgy, Processing, and Applications
Published: 01 January 2015
Fig. 10.21 Hammer forging. Left: workpiece forged from the beta field at a temperature of 1150 °C (2100 °F). Right: workpiece forged from the alpha-beta field at 955 °C (1750 °F). The piece on the left is filed. Dies were designed originally for forging aluminum.
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110262
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Layout An IC layout file contains the geometric shapes for all mask layers of the chip [1] . Common formats include GDSII and OASIS, the latter being more efficient due to smaller data sizes. Along with the layout file, additional information may be required to describe the name and purpose of each...
Abstract
Over the revolutionary era of semiconductor technology, Computer-Aided Design Navigation (CADNav) tools have played an increasingly critical role in silicon debug and failure analysis (FA) in efforts to improve manufacturing yield while reducing time-to-market for integrated circuit (IC) products. This article encompasses the key principles of CADNav for various aspects of semiconductor FA and its importance for improved yield and profitability. An overview of the required input data and formats are described for both IC and package devices, along with key considerations and best practices recommended for fast fault localization, accurate root cause analysis, FA equipment utilization, efficient cross-team collaboration, and database management. Challenges with an FA lab ecosystem are addressed by providing an integrated database and software platform that enable design layout and schematic analysis in the FA lab for quick and accurate navigation and cross-tool collaboration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... in the “as-quenched” condition. Test pins evaluated for purposes of SPC control were from cycles with no noted changes in times, atmosphere conditions, temperatures, or quenching procedure. Testing Procedures for Test Pins: Surface Hardness File check the surface of the pin to check for file hardness per SAE...
Abstract
The results of certain heat treating processes must be verified for case quality and case depth by destructively sectioning a part or parts that were subjected to the process. Test coupons or test pins are often used for diffusion processes such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and ferritic nitrocarburizing to provide an accurate heat treating process evaluation. This appendix briefly describes the advantages and selection and design considerations of test coupons. A typical example of the use of test pins for monitoring carburizing and hardening of gears is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
..., the casting engineer sends the computer-aided design (CAD) file to the designer. The design engineer runs a second FEA to confirm that the stresses are within the target value and that the part life, or durability, meets the specifications. If not, the design engineer makes the minor modifications needed...
Abstract
This chapter is a brief account of various factors pertinent to the development of an engineering component. The discussion covers the disciplines and interactions of design development, engineering of component design, validation of design and process analysis, and matrix of design and manufacturing elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... Element Mesh of the casting and the surrounding mold. Although this is easily done on simple shape castings, the meshing of complex castings is difficult and requires the handling of voluminous files, and lengthy processing times. Sometimes the Finite Element Meshes required can be so complex and large...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... Company stood firm and announced that they would defend any suit based on the use of the unlicensed Neva-Stain cutlery steels. On December 31, 1920, a patent attorney by the name of Christy filed the suit “The American Stainless Steel Company vs. Ludlum Steel Company.” The American Stainless Steel Company...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
...://www.jedec.org/system/files/docs/22-A101D.pdf [2] Wang Steve “ X-Ray Imaging Tools for Electronic Device Failure Analysis ” Microelectronics Failure Analysis Desk Reference, Sixth edition , 529 – 535 ( 2011 ). [3] https://www.jedec.org/system/files/docs/22A113H.pdf [4] Hartfield...
Abstract
As semiconductor feature sizes have shrunk, the technology needed to encapsulate modern integrated circuits has expanded. Due to the various industry changes, package failure analyses are becoming much more challenging; a systematic approach is therefore critical. This article proposes a package failure analysis flow for analyzing open and short failures. The flow begins with a review of data on how the device failed and how it was processed. Next, non-destructive techniques are performed to document the condition of the as-received units. The techniques discussed are external optical inspection, X-ray inspection, scanning acoustic microscopy, infrared (IR) microscopy, and electrical verification. The article discusses various fault isolation techniques to tackle the wide array of failure signatures, namely IR lock-in thermography, magnetic current imaging, time domain reflectometry, and electro-optical terahertz pulse reflectometry. The final step is the step-by-step inspection and deprocessing stage that begins once the defect has been imaged.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1985
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sagf.t63420185
EISBN: 978-1-62708-452-9
.... The several cracks indicated are associated with the spalling surfaces on the concave sides of the pinion teeth. The gear teeth show no indication of fatigue. Tooth Characteristics The original setting test charts taken on this set in December 1969 are on file and document a very good and normal tooth...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
...). Keep Records Determine, and keep records for all test conditions and file test reports. The bond test report should include (at minimum): The glue strength The coating bond strength The percentage of each mode of coating failure (see Fig. 2 ) The date the test was conducted...
Abstract
This article addresses critical aspects in bond testing of thermal spray coatings and provides step-by-step guidance for obtaining representative and reproducible test results based on ASTM C633 and other applicable industry standards. It clarifies details of ASTM C633 requirements and provides examples of the best practice confirmed by hundreds of tests performed worldwide, adopted by numerous industrial standards, and requested to comply with international technical standardization and certification organizations such ISO, AS, SAE, and Nadcap.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... Guide/Examples manual in the form of PDF files will also be installed. Technical support for the demo versions of the software is limited, but problems related to installation or general inquiries can be addressed by visiting www.thermocalc.com and linking to their support. The demo version...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
..., elasticity, and cutting qualities of steel. Haynes actually filed a patent application a little earlier than Brearley, but it was at first denied because there were already patents for chromium steels. On April 1, 1919, Haynes was finally granted U.S. Patent 1,299,404 for “Improvements in Wrought Metal...
Abstract
This chapter presents the usefulness of martensitic chromium stainless steels discovered in England and America, the usefulness of ferritic chromium stainless steels discovered in America, and the usefulness of chromium-nickel stainless steels discovered in Germany. It also provides a short note on the usefulness of chromium-silicon steels.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Hardness and microcheck Locations for Brinell hardness number and microstructure Heat treatment Holes for hanging, pockets for water or salt draining, heat-treat cycles The design engineer approves the CAD file for the tooling build. The casting engineer coordinates with the tooling engineer...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how the disciplines of design, material, and manufacturing contribute to engineering for functional performance. It describes the interaction of product designers and casting engineers in product development. It discusses the consequences of component failure, uncertainty in data and assumptions, and selection of the factor of safety. The chapter also presents an overview of the functional requirements for product performance and provides an overview of product design development. It also presents a partial list of the different tests that are performed on prototypes and examples of product testing. The chapter describes the requirements of a traceability system.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... to the lining, where aluminum metal was separated from the oxide. Aluminum collected at the bottom of the pot and was drained off periodically. Hall immediately applied for patent protection for his invention, and his patent was formally filed on July 9, 1886. However, the U.S. Patent Office notified him...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of aluminum, its industry growth, and its modern uses in manufacturing. It begins with the biography of Charles Martin Hall, who invented the process for reducing aluminum from its ore. The evolution of aluminum production from the Pittsburgh Reduction Company to a pilot plant on Smallman Street in Pittsburgh, to a production plant in New Kensington, and to Niagara Falls, New York, is then described. This is followed by a discussion on early aluminum applications and the usage of lower-cost raw materials. The chapter provides information on aluminum production process integrated by Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) and the numerous technical problems and solutions related to Alcoa's research from World War I to World War II. The aerospace applications for aluminum alloys are also presented. The chapter concludes with a section on aluminum alloys developed by Alcoa.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... machinery, screens, pump parts, fingernail files, sporting goods such as fishing poles, and rifle barrels S41000 S41000 is resistant to the corrosive action of the atmosphere, fresh water, and various alkalis and mild acids but is not recommended where resistance to severe corrodents is a prime factor...
Abstract
Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... for Uncertainty Determination of Hardness Testing; PC file for the determination , Materialprüfung , Vol 3 ( No. 44 ), 2002 , p. 64 – 71 10.1515/mt-2002-440304 25. “Metallic Materials—Instrumented Indentation Test for Hardness and Materials Parameters,” ISO 14577, Parts 1 to 4, International...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of nondestructive hardness testing methods for metals, including electromagnetic impulse testing, photothermal testing, scratch hardness testing, and ultrasonic contact impedance testing. It also discusses the use of ultrasound to determine the depth of hardening in a metal or alloy. The chapter reviews methods used to check and calibrate hardness testing machines and indenters and the use of hardness reference blocks for verification and calibration of test machines. It also addresses conversion of hardness values determined by one method to equivalent values for a different method.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
... printing using a liquid that polymerizes on exposure to ultraviolet light. A substrate platform is lowered into a bath and a desired portion of the surface of the liquid is exposed to a beam of ultraviolet light, causing it to polymerize. A computer data file controls the area to be exposed to the scanning...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... as the first high-speed steel. Chromium, as reviewed by R.A. Hadfield ( Ref 14 ), was investigated as an alloying element in steel, soon after its discovery in 1797. Practical benefits of hardening and toughening of steel by alloying with chromium were first claimed in an American patent filed by Julius...
Abstract
Tool steels are the ferrous alloys used to manufacture tools, dies, and molds that shape, form, and cut other materials, including steels, nonferrous metals, and plastics. This chapter explores the considerations that make tool steels a very special class of steels, the long historical evolution of iron and steel manufacture, including steels for tools, and the development of tool steels as they emerged from the general class of iron and steel products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... shows stress-strain curves for steels of different strength levels, which all branch from the same straight line (elastic portion). A very hard, brittle metal, A, such as very strong steel, goes straight up the elastic line with no deviation, and then fractures; a file behaves in this manner. Slightly...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on some of the facts of mechanical properties of metals that must be understood to successfully undertake the task of failure analysis. The discussion begins by describing the causes and effects of elastic and plastic deformation followed by a section describing the effects of temperature variations on mechanical properties, both in tension and in compression. The nonlinear behavior of gray cast iron caused by the graphite flakes is then described. Finally, the effect of stress concentrations on high-strength metals is considered.
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