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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110506
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... Evolution of DFT A Classical Memory Fault Model Test Pattern Nomenclature Bitmaps and Scramble Specification Design Aids Overview Tester Platforms File Formats Data Sampling Plan File Management Test Program Code Overview Bitmap Tool Evaluation Criteria Failure Mode...
Abstract
Semiconductor memories are superb drivers for process yield and reliability improvement because of their highly structured architecture and use of aggressive layout rules. This combination provides outstanding failure signature analysis possibilities for the entire design, manufacturing, and test process. This article discusses five key disciplines of the signature analysis process that need to be orchestrated within the organization: design for test practices, test floor data collection methodology, post-test data analysis tools, root cause theorization, and physical failure analysis strategies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110262
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... the flexibility of the CADNav virtual layer file format (ASCII), it is relatively easy to integrate external coordinate-based data into the CADNav environment and enable vast possibilities for powerful customizations, depending on the need. Having the entire scan chain mapped to CADNav coordinates...
Abstract
Over the revolutionary era of semiconductor technology, Computer-Aided Design Navigation (CADNav) tools have played an increasingly critical role in silicon debug and failure analysis (FA) in efforts to improve manufacturing yield while reducing time-to-market for integrated circuit (IC) products. This article encompasses the key principles of CADNav for various aspects of semiconductor FA and its importance for improved yield and profitability. An overview of the required input data and formats are described for both IC and package devices, along with key considerations and best practices recommended for fast fault localization, accurate root cause analysis, FA equipment utilization, efficient cross-team collaboration, and database management. Challenges with an FA lab ecosystem are addressed by providing an integrated database and software platform that enable design layout and schematic analysis in the FA lab for quick and accurate navigation and cross-tool collaboration.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440283
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... the center core hardness of the test pins would respond to quench system performance. File check the surface of the pin to check for file hardness per SAE J534 and to make a smooth surface. Three hardness readings were checked by Rockwell C hardness tests, and the average was recorded on a form...
Abstract
The results of certain heat treating processes must be verified for case quality and case depth by destructively sectioning a part or parts that were subjected to the process. Test coupons or test pins are often used for diffusion processes such as carburizing, carbonitriding, nitriding, and ferritic nitrocarburizing to provide an accurate heat treating process evaluation. This appendix briefly describes the advantages and selection and design considerations of test coupons. A typical example of the use of test pins for monitoring carburizing and hardening of gears is provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1995
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sch6.t68200133
EISBN: 978-1-62708-354-6
... Element Mesh of the casting and the surrounding mold. Although this is easily done on simple shape castings, the meshing of complex castings is difficult and requires the handling of voluminous files, and lengthy processing times. Sometimes the Finite Element Meshes required can be so complex and large...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.t68410009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
... configuration that is production-representative, and attaches the feeders and gating to run the solidification and the flow analysis. If there are minor changes to be made, the casting engineer sends the computer-aided design (CAD) file to the designer. The design engineer runs a second FEA to confirm...
Abstract
This chapter is a brief account of various factors pertinent to the development of an engineering component. The discussion covers the disciplines and interactions of design development, engineering of component design, validation of design and process analysis, and matrix of design and manufacturing elements.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... made my roundabout way home. I spent hours watching pocket blades forged, files ground, lead toys cast and metal buffed and burnished to shining brightness. “I have no idea of how I learned to read. My father and mother and brothers were readers of novelettes and blood and thunder stories...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... Hardness and microcheck Locations for Brinell hardness number and microstructure Heat treatment Holes for hanging, pockets for water or salt draining, heat-treat cycles The design engineer approves the CAD file for the tooling build. The casting engineer coordinates with the tooling engineer...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how the disciplines of design, material, and manufacturing contribute to engineering for functional performance. It describes the interaction of product designers and casting engineers in product development. It discusses the consequences of component failure, uncertainty in data and assumptions, and selection of the factor of safety. The chapter also presents an overview of the functional requirements for product performance and provides an overview of product design development. It also presents a partial list of the different tests that are performed on prototypes and examples of product testing. The chapter describes the requirements of a traceability system.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110010
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
.../system/files/docs/22-A101D.pdf [2] Wang Steve “ X-Ray Imaging Tools for Electronic Device Failure Analysis ” Microelectronics Failure Analysis Desk Reference, Sixth edition , 529 – 535 ( 2011 ). [3] https://www.jedec.org/system/files/docs/22A113H.pdf [4] Hartfield Cheryl D...
Abstract
As semiconductor feature sizes have shrunk, the technology needed to encapsulate modern integrated circuits has expanded. Due to the various industry changes, package failure analyses are becoming much more challenging; a systematic approach is therefore critical. This article proposes a package failure analysis flow for analyzing open and short failures. The flow begins with a review of data on how the device failed and how it was processed. Next, non-destructive techniques are performed to document the condition of the as-received units. The techniques discussed are external optical inspection, X-ray inspection, scanning acoustic microscopy, infrared (IR) microscopy, and electrical verification. The article discusses various fault isolation techniques to tackle the wide array of failure signatures, namely IR lock-in thermography, magnetic current imaging, time domain reflectometry, and electro-optical terahertz pulse reflectometry. The final step is the step-by-step inspection and deprocessing stage that begins once the defect has been imaged.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 May 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hma.t59250107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-287-7
... current was passed from the electrodes to the lining, where aluminum metal was separated from the oxide. Aluminum collected at the bottom of the pot and was drained off periodically. Hall immediately applied for patent protection for his invention, and his patent was formally filed on July 9, 1886...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the development of aluminum, its industry growth, and its modern uses in manufacturing. It begins with the biography of Charles Martin Hall, who invented the process for reducing aluminum from its ore. The evolution of aluminum production from the Pittsburgh Reduction Company to a pilot plant on Smallman Street in Pittsburgh, to a production plant in New Kensington, and to Niagara Falls, New York, is then described. This is followed by a discussion on early aluminum applications and the usage of lower-cost raw materials. The chapter provides information on aluminum production process integrated by Aluminum Company of America (Alcoa) and the numerous technical problems and solutions related to Alcoa's research from World War I to World War II. The aerospace applications for aluminum alloys are also presented. The chapter concludes with a section on aluminum alloys developed by Alcoa.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... files into which the results of the periodic checks can be entered. Such a file provides documentation and also calculates whether a hardness testing machine complies with the standard as regards the limiting deviation and repeatability. The file also delivers a determination of the measurement...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of nondestructive hardness testing methods for metals, including electromagnetic impulse testing, photothermal testing, scratch hardness testing, and ultrasonic contact impedance testing. It also discusses the use of ultrasound to determine the depth of hardening in a metal or alloy. The chapter reviews methods used to check and calibrate hardness testing machines and indenters and the use of hardness reference blocks for verification and calibration of test machines. It also addresses conversion of hardness values determined by one method to equivalent values for a different method.
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820115
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... machinery, screens, pump parts, fingernail files, sporting goods such as fishing poles, and rifle barrels S41000 S41000 is resistant to the corrosive action of the atmosphere, fresh water, and various alkalis and mild acids but is not recommended where resistance to severe corrodents is a prime factor...
Abstract
Martensitic stainless steels are essentially iron-chromium-carbon alloys that possess a body-centered tetragonal crystal structure (martensitic) in the hardened condition. Martensitic stainless steels are similar to plain carbon or low-alloy steels that are austenitized, hardened by quenching, and then tempered for increased ductility and toughness. This chapter provides a basic understanding of grade designations, properties, corrosion resistance, and general welding considerations of martensitic stainless steels. It also discusses the causes for hydrogen-induced cracking in martensitic stainless steels and describes sulfide stress corrosion resistance of type 410 weldments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 1998
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ts5.t65900001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-358-4
... as the first high-speed steel. Chromium, as reviewed by R.A. Hadfield ( Ref 14 ), was investigated as an alloying element in steel, soon after its discovery in 1797. Practical benefits of hardening and toughening of steel by alloying with chromium were first claimed in an American patent filed by Julius...
Abstract
Tool steels are the ferrous alloys used to manufacture tools, dies, and molds that shape, form, and cut other materials, including steels, nonferrous metals, and plastics. This chapter explores the considerations that make tool steels a very special class of steels, the long historical evolution of iron and steel manufacture, including steels for tools, and the development of tool steels as they emerged from the general class of iron and steel products.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310281
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... of PDF files will also be installed. Technical support for the demo versions of the software is limited, but problems related to installation or general inquiries can be addressed by visiting www.thermocalc.com and linking to their support. The demo version will run for approximately 1 month...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2010
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hss.t52790017
EISBN: 978-1-62708-356-0
... the effect of chromium on the hardness, elasticity, and cutting qualities of steel. Haynes actually filed a patent application a little earlier than Brearley, but it was at first denied because there were already patents for chromium steels. On April 1, 1919, Haynes was finally granted U.S. Patent...
Abstract
This chapter presents the usefulness of martensitic chromium stainless steels discovered in England and America, the usefulness of ferritic chromium stainless steels discovered in America, and the usefulness of chromium-nickel stainless steels discovered in Germany. It also provides a short note on the usefulness of chromium-silicon steels.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tstap.t56040101
EISBN: 978-1-62708-428-4
...). Keep Records Determine, and keep records for all test conditions and file test reports. The bond test report should include (at minimum): The glue strength The coating bond strength The percentage of each mode of coating failure (see Fig. 2 ) The date the test was conducted...
Abstract
This article addresses critical aspects in bond testing of thermal spray coatings and provides step-by-step guidance for obtaining representative and reproducible test results based on ASTM C633 and other applicable industry standards. It clarifies details of ASTM C633 requirements and provides examples of the best practice confirmed by hundreds of tests performed worldwide, adopted by numerous industrial standards, and requested to comply with international technical standardization and certification organizations such ISO, AS, SAE, and Nadcap.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aceg.9781627082808
EISBN: 978-1-62708-280-8
Book Chapter
Book: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... the fluorescent dye to enter the subassembly, the leak path appears under black light illumination. Magnafluxing is a specialized technique used for finding cracks in ferrous components. Iron filings are sprinkled onto the part in areas where cracks are suspected, and a magnetic field is applied to the part...
Abstract
After the fault-tree, a failure-cause identification method has identified potential failure causes and the failure analysis team has prepared a failure mode assessment and assignment (FMA&A). The team knows specifically what to search for when examining components and subassemblies from the failed system. There are numerous techniques and technologies available for examining and analyzing components and subassemblies, which are categorized as follows: optical approaches, dimensional inspection and related approaches, nondestructive test approaches, mechanical and environmental approaches, and chemical and composition analysis for assessing material characteristics. This chapter is a detailed account of the working principle and the steps involved in these techniques and technologies.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.htpa.t53310001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-346-1
... Table 1 Historical overview 1640 Barba scratched precious stones with a file. 1722 R.A. Réaumur scratched steel with minerals and evaluated metals with two prisms positioned crosswise, whose edges he pressed against each other. 1747 Wallerius used fingernails, knives, files, and diamond...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the history of hardness testing and defines the term hardness. It describes the interrelationship between material structure and hardness and the relationships between hardness and other mechanical material properties. In addition, information on the hardness unit and traceability of the hardness measurement are provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ems.t53730139
EISBN: 978-1-62708-283-9
.... A substrate platform is lowered into a bath and a desired portion of the surface of the liquid is exposed to a beam of ultraviolet light, causing it to polymerize. A computer data file controls the area to be exposed to the scanning beam. After the surface is scanned, the substrate is lowered, allowing...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630169
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... the other surface. Indeed, machining would fall into the category of abrasive wear except that it is usually not “undesired,” which is a condition of the wear definition. Even a hand file, sliding under pressure, will cause microscopic distortion of the surface structure, thereby cutting a softer metal...