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fatigue testing
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
...Abstract Abstract This article reviews fatigue test methodologies, provides an overview of general fatigue behavior (crack initiation and propagation) in engineering plastics, and discusses some of the factors affecting the fatigue performance of polymers. In addition, it provides information...
Abstract
This article reviews fatigue test methodologies, provides an overview of general fatigue behavior (crack initiation and propagation) in engineering plastics, and discusses some of the factors affecting the fatigue performance of polymers. In addition, it provides information on fractography that provides useful insight into the nature of fracture processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250311
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
..., namely dimensional, surface finish texture, metallurgical, and residual stress. The following section presents the tests that simulate gear action, namely the rolling contact fatigue test, the single-tooth fatigue test, the single-tooth single-overload test, and the single-tooth impact test. Finally...
Abstract
Mechanical tests are performed to evaluate the durability of gears under load. The chapter first discusses the processes involved in the computations of stress for test parameters of gear. Next, the chapter reviews the four areas of specimen characterization of a test program, namely dimensional, surface finish texture, metallurgical, and residual stress. The following section presents the tests that simulate gear action, namely the rolling contact fatigue test, the single-tooth fatigue test, the single-tooth single-overload test, and the single-tooth impact test. Finally, the chapter describes the test procedures for surface durability (pitting), root strength (bending), and scoring (or scuffing) testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.uhcf3.t53630117
EISBN: 978-1-62708-270-9
... in the critical area and three stress levels (S 1 , S 2 , and S 3 ), which are the maximum cyclic tensile stress to which the grains are subjected. Successively higher stresses automatically cause more fatigue origins to form. Fig. 7 Striations generated on a spectrum-loaded test article. Source: Ref 2...
Abstract
Fatigue fractures are generally considered the most serious type of fracture in machinery parts simply because fatigue fractures can and do occur in normal service, without excessive overloads, and under normal operating conditions. This chapter first discusses the three stages (initiation, propagation, and final rupture) of fatigue fracture followed by a discussion of its microscopic and macroscopic characteristics. The relationship between stress and strength in fatigue is explained. The next section provides information that may help the uninitiated to appreciate some of the problems of laboratory fatigue testing and of the fatigue process itself. Finally, information on types and statistical aspects of fatigue is provided along with examples.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of the multistage fatigue process Fig. 7.18 Stress distribution ahead of a crack in which small-scale plasticity is included Fig. 7.21 Standard impact testing appartaus Fig. 7.22 Impact toughness specimens. (a) Charpy. (b) Izod Fig. 7.16 The SS Schenectady after a sudden...
Abstract
This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aacppa.t51140253
EISBN: 978-1-62708-335-5
...Abstract Abstract This data set contains the results of rotating-beam reversed-bending fatigue tests for a wide range of aluminum casting alloys. These fatigue curves are the results of tests on individual lots of material considered representative of the respective alloys and tempers...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130351
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
.... (a) Black arrows show locations for SEM examination. (b) White arrows show fracture direction and location of metallographic sections. Fig. 36 Axle wall thickness, discolored region dimensions, and fracture location Fig. 1 As-received strain bar from fatigue testing of a hold-back bar...
Abstract
This chapter presents various case histories that illustrate a variety of failure mechanisms experienced by the high-strength steel components in aerospace applications. The components covered are catapult holdback bar, AISI 420 stainless steel roll pin, main landing gear (MLG) lever, inboard flap hinge bolt, nose landing gear piston axle, multiple-leg aircraft-handling sling, aircraft hoist sling, internal spur gear, and MLG axle. In addition, the chapter provides information on full-scale fatigue testing, nondestructive testing, and failure analysis of fin attach bolts.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... strain components. It also provides information on mechanical property and fatigue testing, the use of hysteresis energy to analyze fatigue, a procedure for inverting equations to solve for dependent variables, and a method for dealing with the statistical nature of failure. cyclic stress-strain...
Abstract
This appendix provides supplemental information on the metallurgical aspects of atomic structure, the use of dislocation theory, heat treatment processes and procedures, important engineering materials and strengthening mechanisms, and the nature of elastic, plastic, and creep strain components. It also provides information on mechanical property and fatigue testing, the use of hysteresis energy to analyze fatigue, a procedure for inverting equations to solve for dependent variables, and a method for dealing with the statistical nature of failure.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270102
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
... and subjected to chemical analysis and low-cycle fatigue tests. Based on their findings, investigators concluded that the bolts failed due to fatigue compounded by excessive clearances and poor surface finishes. The chapter provides a number of recommendations addressing these issues and related concerns...
Abstract
A design modification intended to reduce dowel bolt failures in an aircraft engine proved ineffective, prompting an investigation to determine what was causing the bolts to break. As the chapter explains, failure specimens were examined under various levels of magnification and subjected to chemical analysis and low-cycle fatigue tests. Based on their findings, investigators concluded that the bolts failed due to fatigue compounded by excessive clearances and poor surface finishes. The chapter provides a number of recommendations addressing these issues and related concerns.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... testing, and the predictability of the method for TMF cycling. elastic strain fatigue life prediction inelastic strain isothermal fatigue strain-range partitioning thermomechanical fatigue THE STRAIN-RANGE PARTITIONING (SRP) method deals primarily with how creep and plastic inelastic...
Abstract
This chapter explains why it is sometimes necessary to separate inelastic from elastic strains and how to do it using one of two methods. It first discusses the direct calculation of strain-range components from experimental data associated with large strains. It then explains how the method can be extended to the treatment of very low inelastic strains by adjusting tensile and compressive hold periods and continuous cycling frequencies. The chapter then begins the presentation of the second approach, called the total strain-range method, so named because it combines elastic and inelastic strain into a total strain range. The discussion covers important features, procedures, and correlations as well as the use of models and the steps involved in predicting thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life. It also includes information on isothermal fatigue, bithermal creep-fatigue testing, and the predictability of the method for TMF cycling.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
...Abstract Abstract Fatigue life analysis and crack growth life prediction require an accurate interpretation of the load spectrum. This appendix presents two methods for interpreting load spectra and provides several data plots and tables comparing fatigue test data with analytically predicted...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smfpa.t53500289
EISBN: 978-1-62708-317-1
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes joining by forming processes including riveting, clinching, crimping, and dieless joining techniques. It also discusses the fatigue behavior of clinched joints and the results of fatigue tests that compare clinched and spot welded joints. clinching...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... stress. Wöhler’s new testing machine duplicated in miniature the loadings of railcars on their axles. Fig. 3.1 Wöhler’s rotating-cantilever, bending fatigue-testing machine. D , drive pulley; C , arbor; T , tapered specimen butt; S , specimen; a , moment arm; G , loading bearing; P...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the methods used to quantify the effects of fatigue on component lifetime and failure. It discusses the development and use of S-N (stress amplitude vs. cycles to failure) curves, the emergence of strain-based approaches to fatigue analysis, and important refinements and modifications. It demonstrates the use of approximate equations, including the method of universal slopes and the four-point correlation technique, which provides reasonable estimates of elastic and plastic lines from information obtained in standard tensile tests. It also discusses high-cycle, low-cycle, and ultra-high cycle fatigue and presents several models that are useful for fatigue life predictions.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610377
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... during the design process and subsequent static and fatigue testing performed to verify structural integrity. In-service damage can originate from a variety of sources and includes runway debris hitting control surfaces, hailstones from storms, tools dropped by maintenance mechanics, and collisions...
Abstract
Unlike metals, in which fatigue failures are due to a single crack that grows to a critical length, the effects of fatigue in composites are much more distributed and varied. As the chapter explains, there are five major damage mechanisms that contribute to the progression of composite fatigue, those being matrix cracking, fiber breaking, crack coupling, delamination initiation, and delamination growth. The chapter describes each mechanism in detail along with related factors. It also discusses the primary differences between composites and metals, the effect of manufacturing defects, damage tolerance, and testing and certification.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870105
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... in methodology and explaining how they influence test results and data. It then discusses the concept of critical planes and how they are used to correlate the effects of uniaxial loading with multiaxial fatigue behaviors. The section that follows covers the various methods used to analyze multiaxial fatigue...
Abstract
This chapter reviews the theories that have emerged from the widespread study of multiaxial fatigue and assesses their validity using data from different sources. It begins by providing background on the studies that the chapter draws on, pointing out differences in methodology and explaining how they influence test results and data. It then discusses the concept of critical planes and how they are used to correlate the effects of uniaxial loading with multiaxial fatigue behaviors. The section that follows covers the various methods used to analyze multiaxial fatigue and identifies one that best treats the general case. The chapter also defines two important factors, the triaxiality factor and the multiaxiality factor, and presents the results of an extensive study to determine how the two factors are related. One of the more interesting findings is that the atomic structure of a material has a significant effect on which theory best describes its fatigue behavior.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
...Abstract Abstract This chapter discusses the concept of mean stress and explains how it is used in fatigue analysis and design. It begins by examining the stress-strain response of test samples subjected to cyclic forces and strains, noting important features and what they reveal about...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of mean stress and explains how it is used in fatigue analysis and design. It begins by examining the stress-strain response of test samples subjected to cyclic forces and strains, noting important features and what they reveal about materials and their fatigue behaviors. It then discusses the challenge of developing hysteresis loops for complex loading patterns and accounting for effects such as ratcheting and stress relaxation. The sections that follow provide a summary of the various ways mean stress is described in the literature and the methods used to calculate or predict its effect on the fatigue life of machine components. The discussion also sheds light on why tensile mean stress is detrimental to both fatigue life and ductility, while compressive mean stress is highly beneficial.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870267
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... regardless of the fact that their toughness values were far different. However, in none of the tests involved in this program were the geometrical and materials factors such that fatigue failure occurred in a brittle fashion. The same materials, tested either with sharp notches, or using specimens of large...
Abstract
This chapter is largely a compendium of best practices and procedures for minimizing the effects of fatigue. It explains how to make products more resistant to fatigue by choosing the right materials and manufacturing processes, avoiding geometries and features that concentrate strains, preventing or removing surface damage, and by inducing compressive mean stresses that prolong fatigue life. It also discusses the use of property conditioning and restoration treatments, the benefits of interference fits and processes such as coaxing, the effects of assembly damage and operating overload, the importance of surface cleanliness and finish, and the role of inspection, testing, replacement, and repair in safe-life and fail-safe designs. Examples highlighting the benefits and potential pitfalls of proof loading tests are included as well.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060043
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
..., the chapter considers two cases. In one, the relationship between strain range and cyclic life is established from test data. In the other, a rule is required to determine the damage of each concurrent strain and the total damage of the cycle is used to predict creep-fatigue life. The chapter presents several...
Abstract
Strain-range partitioning is a method for assessing the effects of creep fatigue based on inelastic strain paths or strain reversals. The first part of the chapter defines four distinct strain paths that can be used to model any cyclic loading pattern and describes the microstructural damages associated with each of the four basic loading cycles. The discussion then turns to fatigue life prediction for different types of materials and more realistic loading conditions, particularly those in which hysteresis loops have more than one strain-range component. To that end, the chapter considers two cases. In one, the relationship between strain range and cyclic life is established from test data. In the other, a rule is required to determine the damage of each concurrent strain and the total damage of the cycle is used to predict creep-fatigue life. The chapter presents several such damage rules and discusses their applicability in different situations.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... impingement erosion along with testing and prevention methods. It also provides information on fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue. aluminum aluminum alloys cavitation corrosion cavitation erosion testing fretting corrosion liquid impingement erosion CORROSION can combine with mechanical...
Abstract
This chapter explains how mechanical processes, including erosion, cavitation, impingement, and fretting, contribute to the effects of corrosion in aluminum alloys. It describes the two main types of erosion-corrosion and the factors involved in cavitation and liquid impingement erosion along with testing and prevention methods. It also provides information on fretting corrosion and fretting fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... demonstrates the use of tools and techniques that have been developed to quantify fatigue-related damage and its effect on the remaining life of components. Cr-Mo-V steel crack initiation creep-fatigue crack growth linear-elastic fracture mechanics fatigue-crack growth fatigue testing high-cycle...
Abstract
This chapter describes the phenomenological aspects of fatigue and how to assess its effect on the life of components operating in high-temperature environments. It explains how fatigue is measured and expressed and how it is affected by loading conditions (stress cycles, amplitude, and frequency) and factors such as temperature, material defects, component geometry, and processing history. It provides a detailed overview of the damage mechanisms associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue as well as thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue, and fatigue-crack growth. It also demonstrates the use of tools and techniques that have been developed to quantify fatigue-related damage and its effect on the remaining life of components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... of its seeming logic and because it is so easy to apply. A critical assessment of Miner’s database has been presented ( Ref 6.5 ) wherein it was shown that the database virtually guaranteed that the LDR would adequately correlate his results. While the experimental fatigue testing conditions selected...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the cumulative effects of fatigue and how to determine its impact on component lifetime and performance. It begins by defining a loading history and its corresponding hysteresis loops that exposes the deficiencies of some of the theories discussed. It then proceeds to demonstrate the methods commonly used to analyze cumulative fatigue damage and its effect on component life starting with the classical linear damage rule. After pointing out the inherent limitations of the model, it presents a method that incorporates two linear damage rules, one applying prior to crack initiation and the other after the crack has started. Although the method accounts somewhat better for loading-order effects, the transition in behavior that the rules presume to model occurs prior to any signs of cracking. Two modified versions of the double linear damage rule method, neither of which are related to a physical crack initiation event, are subsequently presented along with several applications showing how the different methods compare. The examples provided include two-level and multilevel tests, a gas-turbine engine compressor disk, and the cumulative damage associated with the irreversible hardening of type 304 stainless steel.