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fatigue life analysis
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Image
Published: 01 March 2006
Fig. 4.25 Analysis of tensile mean stress effects on fatigue life on the basis of loss of ductility caused by necessity to maintain the cyclic stress-strain curve exactly the same fracture stress of 848 MPa (123 ksi)
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Image
Published: 01 August 2005
Fig. 3.51 Flow diagram of a strain-life fatigue analysis procedure. Equivalent damage strain amplitude was corrected for the mean stress effect.
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Image
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 1 Schematic of specimens used for total-life fatigue analysis. Tests can be done (a) in torsion, (b) with a rotating cantilever, (c) with a rotating beam, (d) with cantilever reverse bending, or (e) under axial loading
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... Abstract Fatigue life analysis and crack growth life prediction require an accurate interpretation of the load spectrum. This appendix presents two methods for interpreting load spectra and provides several data plots and tables comparing fatigue test data with analytically predicted values...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... General Rules for Fatigue Life Analysis in Multiaxial Loading Step 1: Principal Stress-Strain Analysis Step 2: Creep and Plastic Strain Separation Step 3: Equivalent Strain Step 4: Dominant and Secondary Directions Biaxial Stresses Triaxial Stresses Step 5: Partitioned Strain Ranges...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how to deal with multiaxial stresses and strains when using the strain-range partitioning method to analyze the effects of creep fatigue. It is divided into three sections: a general discussion on the rationale used in formulating rules for treating multiaxiality, a concise listing of the rules, and an example problem in which axial creep-fatigue data is used to predict the torsional creep-fatigue life of type 304 and 316 stainless steel. The chapter also includes a brief introduction in which the authors outline the challenges presented by multiaxial loading and set practical limits on the problem they intend to treat.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... their use on different metals and alloys. The chapter also discusses design-based approaches for preventing fatigue failures. crack initiation crack propagation fatigue analysis fatigue fracture appearance fatigue life fatigue strength THE DEFINITION OF “FATIGUE” according to ASTM Standard E...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-strain characteristics of metals and alloys subjected to cyclic loading and the cumulative effects of fatigue. It begins by explaining how a single load reversal can lower the yield stress of a material and how repeated reversals can cause strain hardening and softening, both of which lead to premature failure. It then discusses the stages of fatigue fracture, using detailed images to show how cracks initiate and grow and how they leave telltale marks on fracture surfaces. It goes on to describe fatigue life assessment methods and demonstrate their use on different metals and alloys. The chapter also discusses design-based approaches for preventing fatigue failures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... arbitrary element along the potential crack path can therefore be determined using an appropriate stress analysis based on the theory of elasticity. The total life of each element can be calculated from the fatigue properties (i.e., strain amplitude/cycles to failure curve) of the material and the strain...
Abstract
This appendix presents an analytical model that estimates damage rates for both crack initiation and propagation mechanisms. The model provides a nonarbitrary definition of fatigue crack initiation length, which serves as an analytical link between initiation and propagation analyses and appears to have considerable merit in estimating the total fatigue life of notched and cracked structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
.... , Nonlinear Structural and Life Analyses of a Combustor Liner , Comput. Struct. , Vol 16 (No. 1–4) , 1983 , p 509 – 515 10.1016/0045-7949(83)90191-8 10.14 Manson S.S. Halford G.R. and Hirschberg M.H. , Creep-Fatigue Analysis by Strain-Range Partitioning , Proc. of First...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the authors assessed the potential risks of creep-fatigue in several aerospace applications using the tools and techniques presented in earlier chapters. It begins by identifying the fatigue regimes encountered in the main engines of the Space Shuttle. It then describes the types of damage observed in engine components and the methods used to mitigate problems. It also discusses the results of analyses that led to changes in design or approach and examines fatigue-related issues in turbine engines used in commercial aircraft.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... reversed stress amplitude vs. fatigue life relationship for 300M Fig. 4.33 Determination of constants Q and P for 300M steel Fig. 4.34 Comprehensive model for mean stress representation of fatigue results for 300M steel. Q = 4.83; P = –0.139 Fig. 4.29 Extension of data...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of mean stress and explains how it is used in fatigue analysis and design. It begins by examining the stress-strain response of test samples subjected to cyclic forces and strains, noting important features and what they reveal about materials and their fatigue behaviors. It then discusses the challenge of developing hysteresis loops for complex loading patterns and accounting for effects such as ratcheting and stress relaxation. The sections that follow provide a summary of the various ways mean stress is described in the literature and the methods used to calculate or predict its effect on the fatigue life of machine components. The discussion also sheds light on why tensile mean stress is detrimental to both fatigue life and ductility, while compressive mean stress is highly beneficial.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... S.S. , Predictive Analysis of Metal Fatigue in the High Cycle Life Range , Methods for Predicting Material Life in Fatigue , American Society of Mechanical Engineers , New York , 1979 , p 145 – 182 3.27 Peterson R.E. , Fatigue of Metals—Engineering and Design Aspects, The 1962...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the methods used to quantify the effects of fatigue on component lifetime and failure. It discusses the development and use of S-N (stress amplitude vs. cycles to failure) curves, the emergence of strain-based approaches to fatigue analysis, and important refinements and modifications. It demonstrates the use of approximate equations, including the method of universal slopes and the four-point correlation technique, which provides reasonable estimates of elastic and plastic lines from information obtained in standard tensile tests. It also discusses high-cycle, low-cycle, and ultra-high cycle fatigue and presents several models that are useful for fatigue life predictions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... = 109,620 cycles. We can now establish the location of points B and B ′ of Fig. 6.27 . The resulting strain-life relation for the material is shown in the figure. The implication of this construction is that it is this life relation that should be used in cumulative fatigue analysis. First, let us...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the cumulative effects of fatigue and how to determine its impact on component lifetime and performance. It begins by defining a loading history and its corresponding hysteresis loops that exposes the deficiencies of some of the theories discussed. It then proceeds to demonstrate the methods commonly used to analyze cumulative fatigue damage and its effect on component life starting with the classical linear damage rule. After pointing out the inherent limitations of the model, it presents a method that incorporates two linear damage rules, one applying prior to crack initiation and the other after the crack has started. Although the method accounts somewhat better for loading-order effects, the transition in behavior that the rules presume to model occurs prior to any signs of cracking. Two modified versions of the double linear damage rule method, neither of which are related to a physical crack initiation event, are subsequently presented along with several applications showing how the different methods compare. The examples provided include two-level and multilevel tests, a gas-turbine engine compressor disk, and the cumulative damage associated with the irreversible hardening of type 304 stainless steel.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... fatigue fracture has long been one of the most important issues in cold forging. Therefore, a fatigue analysis method that can be utilized to estimate tool life has been developed and can be summarized as follows ( Fig. 22.10 ) [ Knoerr et al., 1994 , and Matsuda, 2002 ]: The forging process...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of die failures in hot and cold forging operations. It describes failure classifications, fatigue fracture and wear mechanisms, analytical wear models, and the various factors that limit die life. It also includes several case studies in which finite-element modeling is used to predict die failure and extend die life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
.... The fatigue methodology adopted in the ASIP was the reliability approach, which became known as the safe-life method. This safe-life approach, used in the development of USAF aircraft in the 1960s, involved analysis and testing to 4 times the anticipated service life. On the commercial scene, another...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
... in material that may lead to premature gear fatigue failure. The topics covered are alignment, gear tooth, surface durability and breakage of gear tooth, life determined by contact stress and bending stress, analysis of gear tooth failure by breakage after pitting, and metallurgical flaws that reduce the life...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the various kinds of gear wear and failure and how gear life in service is estimated and discusses the kinds of flaws in material that may lead to premature gear fatigue failure. The topics covered are alignment, gear tooth, surface durability and breakage of gear tooth, life determined by contact stress and bending stress, analysis of gear tooth failure by breakage after pitting, and metallurgical flaws that reduce the life of gears. The chapter briefly reviews some components in the design and structure of each gear and/or gear train that must be considered in conjunction with the teeth to enhance fatigue life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... conditions, and obtains the component loads. Process: The analyst conducts the numerical analysis on the computer using a commercial software package. Post-process: The analyst prints and plots the Von Mises stresses, deflections as a measure of stiffness, and fatigue life. Figure 5.9 provides...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how the disciplines of design, material, and manufacturing contribute to engineering for functional performance. It describes the interaction of product designers and casting engineers in product development. It discusses the consequences of component failure, uncertainty in data and assumptions, and selection of the factor of safety. The chapter also presents an overview of the functional requirements for product performance and provides an overview of product design development. It also presents a partial list of the different tests that are performed on prototypes and examples of product testing. The chapter describes the requirements of a traceability system.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... This chapter provides a detailed review of creep-fatigue analysis techniques, including the 10% rule, strain-range partitioning, several variants of the frequency-modified life equation, damage assessment based on tensile hysteresis energy, the OCTF (oxidation, creep, and thermomechanical fatigue) damage model...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed review of creep-fatigue analysis techniques, including the 10% rule, strain-range partitioning, several variants of the frequency-modified life equation, damage assessment based on tensile hysteresis energy, the OCTF (oxidation, creep, and thermomechanical fatigue) damage model, and numerous methods that make use of creep-rupture, crack-growth, and void-growth data. It also discusses the use of continuum damage mechanics and includes examples demonstrating the accuracy of each method as well as the procedures involved.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... Tightness Damage Mechanisms in Casings Modifications of Heat Treatment and Alloy Content Advanced Manufacturing Technologies Integrated Methodology Creep-Fatigue-Crack Growth Life-Assessment Procedure Remaining-Life Analysis of Blades Blade Materials and Properties Steam-Turbine...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment methods for the most-failure prone components beginning with rotors and continuing on to casings, blades, nozzles, and high-temperature bolts. The chapter makes extensive use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables and includes step-by-step instructions where relevant.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... a selected surface strain. From the selected surface strain, a fatigue life can be established and similarly nominal stresses from the required bending moment. Thus, we establish the relation between nominal elastic stresses and fatigue life. Figure 7.3 shows the notation used in the analysis. We...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the effects of fatigue in rotating shafts subjected to elastic and plastic strains associated with bending stresses. It begins with a review of the basic approach to treating low-cycle fatigue in bending, explaining that the assumption that stress is proportional to strain is incorrect due to plastic flow, causing considerable discrepancy between measured and calculated stresses. Data plots of the axial and bending fatigue characteristics of a 4130 steel help illustrate the problem. A closed-form solution is then presented and used to analyze the effects of flexural bending on solid as well as hollow rectangular and round bars. The chapter also discusses the difference in the treatment of a rotating shaft in which all surface elements undergo the same stress and strain and a nonrotating shaft in which a few surface elements carry most of the load. The difference, as explained, is due to the volumetric effect of stress in fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... depends on the specific specimen geometry. Thus, the Paris law becomes: (Eq 14.15) d a d n = C ( Y Δσ π a ) m One of the goals of fatigue analysis is to be able to predict the fatigue life of structures. The fatigue life, n , can be solved for by rearranging Eq 14.13...
Abstract
Fatigue failures occur due to the application of fluctuating stresses that are much lower than the stress required to cause failure during a single application of stress. This chapter describes three basic factors that cause fatigue: a maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value, a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The discussion covers high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and fatigue crack propagation. The chapter then discusses the stages where fatigue crack nucleation and growth occurs. It describes the most effective methods of improving fatigue life. The chapter also explains the effect of geometrical stress concentrations on fatigue. In addition, it explores the environmental effects of corrosion fatigue, low-temperature fatigue, high-temperature fatigue, and thermal fatigue. Finally, the chapter discusses a number of design philosophies or methodologies to deal with design against fatigue failures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... overall structural integrity, even under accident or overload conditions. Fatigue Design The fatigue life of a welded structure is almost invariably limited by the fatigue life of the weld details. As a result, the design stresses in welded structures that are subjected to cyclic loading...
Abstract
Depending on the operating environment and the nature of the applied loading, a structure can fail by a number of different modes, including brittle fracture, ductile fracture, plastic collapse, fatigue, creep, corrosion, and buckling. These failure modes can be broken down into the categories of fracture, fatigue, environmental cracking, and high-temperature creep. This article discusses each of these categories, as well as the benefits of a fitness-for-service approach.
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