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fatigue life analysis
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540383
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
...Abstract Abstract Fatigue life analysis and crack growth life prediction require an accurate interpretation of the load spectrum. This appendix presents two methods for interpreting load spectra and provides several data plots and tables comparing fatigue test data with analytically predicted...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
.... It also discusses high-cycle, low-cycle, and ultra-high cycle fatigue and presents several models that are useful for fatigue life predictions. fatigue design fatigue life analysis high-cycle fatigue S-N curve Introduction Traditional <italic>S-N</italic> Curve In attempting...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the methods used to quantify the effects of fatigue on component lifetime and failure. It discusses the development and use of S-N (stress amplitude vs. cycles to failure) curves, the emergence of strain-based approaches to fatigue analysis, and important refinements and modifications. It demonstrates the use of approximate equations, including the method of universal slopes and the four-point correlation technique, which provides reasonable estimates of elastic and plastic lines from information obtained in standard tensile tests. It also discusses high-cycle, low-cycle, and ultra-high cycle fatigue and presents several models that are useful for fatigue life predictions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.gmpm.t51250293
EISBN: 978-1-62708-345-4
...Abstract Abstract This chapter summarizes the various kinds of gear wear and failure and how gear life in service is estimated and discusses the kinds of flaws in material that may lead to premature gear fatigue failure. The topics covered are alignment, gear tooth, surface durability...
Abstract
This chapter summarizes the various kinds of gear wear and failure and how gear life in service is estimated and discusses the kinds of flaws in material that may lead to premature gear fatigue failure. The topics covered are alignment, gear tooth, surface durability and breakage of gear tooth, life determined by contact stress and bending stress, analysis of gear tooth failure by breakage after pitting, and metallurgical flaws that reduce the life of gears. The chapter briefly reviews some components in the design and structure of each gear and/or gear train that must be considered in conjunction with the teeth to enhance fatigue life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... discussed. No consideration was given to the plastic strain line because all of the mean stress data were in the nominally elastic, high-cycle fatigue regime wherein the degree of plasticity was of no consequence to an engineering analysis of fatigue life. Without the presence of mean stress...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the concept of mean stress and explains how it is used in fatigue analysis and design. It begins by examining the stress-strain response of test samples subjected to cyclic forces and strains, noting important features and what they reveal about materials and their fatigue behaviors. It then discusses the challenge of developing hysteresis loops for complex loading patterns and accounting for effects such as ratcheting and stress relaxation. The sections that follow provide a summary of the various ways mean stress is described in the literature and the methods used to calculate or predict its effect on the fatigue life of machine components. The discussion also sheds light on why tensile mean stress is detrimental to both fatigue life and ductility, while compressive mean stress is highly beneficial.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060173
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
...Abstract Abstract This chapter provides a detailed review of creep-fatigue analysis techniques, including the 10% rule, strain-range partitioning, several variants of the frequency-modified life equation, damage assessment based on tensile hysteresis energy, the OCTF (oxidation, creep...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed review of creep-fatigue analysis techniques, including the 10% rule, strain-range partitioning, several variants of the frequency-modified life equation, damage assessment based on tensile hysteresis energy, the OCTF (oxidation, creep, and thermomechanical fatigue) damage model, and numerous methods that make use of creep-rupture, crack-growth, and void-growth data. It also discusses the use of continuum damage mechanics and includes examples demonstrating the accuracy of each method as well as the procedures involved.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060155
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... by multiaxial loading and set practical limits on the problem they intend to treat. low-cycle fatigue multiaxial loading strain-range partitioning torsional creep-fatigue life analysis PRACTICAL DESIGN SITUATIONS invariably involve biaxial (or occasionally triaxial) stresses. Therefore...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the question of how to deal with multiaxial stresses and strains when using the strain-range partitioning method to analyze the effects of creep fatigue. It is divided into three sections: a general discussion on the rationale used in formulating rules for treating multiaxiality, a concise listing of the rules, and an example problem in which axial creep-fatigue data is used to predict the torsional creep-fatigue life of type 304 and 316 stainless steel. The chapter also includes a brief introduction in which the authors outline the challenges presented by multiaxial loading and set practical limits on the problem they intend to treat.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540121
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... and demonstrate their use on different metals and alloys. The chapter also discusses design-based approaches for preventing fatigue failures. crack initiation crack propagation fatigue analysis fatigue fracture appearance fatigue life fatigue strength THE DEFINITION OF “FATIGUE” according to ASTM...
Abstract
This chapter examines the stress-strain characteristics of metals and alloys subjected to cyclic loading and the cumulative effects of fatigue. It begins by explaining how a single load reversal can lower the yield stress of a material and how repeated reversals can cause strain hardening and softening, both of which lead to premature failure. It then discusses the stages of fatigue fracture, using detailed images to show how cracks initiate and grow and how they leave telltale marks on fracture surfaces. It goes on to describe fatigue life assessment methods and demonstrate their use on different metals and alloys. The chapter also discusses design-based approaches for preventing fatigue failures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060231
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... engines aerospace structural components commercial aircraft high-cycle fatigue low-cycle thermal fatigue Space Shuttle THE MATERIAL BEHAVIOR and life prediction models discussed in earlier chapters have evolved over the years specifically for assessing structural integrity, durability...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the authors assessed the potential risks of creep-fatigue in several aerospace applications using the tools and techniques presented in earlier chapters. It begins by identifying the fatigue regimes encountered in the main engines of the Space Shuttle. It then describes the types of damage observed in engine components and the methods used to mitigate problems. It also discusses the results of analyses that led to changes in design or approach and examines fatigue-related issues in turbine engines used in commercial aircraft.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 February 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.chffa.t51040295
EISBN: 978-1-62708-300-3
... fatigue fracture has long been one of the most important issues in cold forging. Therefore, a fatigue analysis method that can be utilized to estimate tool life has been developed and can be summarized as follows ( Fig. 22.10 ) [ Knoerr et al., 1994 , and Matsuda, 2002 ]: The forging process...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the issue of die failures in hot and cold forging operations. It describes failure classifications, fatigue fracture and wear mechanisms, analytical wear models, and the various factors that limit die life. It also includes several case studies in which finite-element modeling is used to predict die failure and extend die life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870123
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... with the irreversible hardening of type 304 stainless steel. crack initiation cumulative fatigue damage analysis damage curve irreversible hardening linear damage rule Introduction When loading varies during the life of a structure, multiple hysteresis loops of varied sizes may develop. Determining...
Abstract
This chapter addresses the cumulative effects of fatigue and how to determine its impact on component lifetime and performance. It begins by defining a loading history and its corresponding hysteresis loops that exposes the deficiencies of some of the theories discussed. It then proceeds to demonstrate the methods commonly used to analyze cumulative fatigue damage and its effect on component life starting with the classical linear damage rule. After pointing out the inherent limitations of the model, it presents a method that incorporates two linear damage rules, one applying prior to crack initiation and the other after the crack has started. Although the method accounts somewhat better for loading-order effects, the transition in behavior that the rules presume to model occurs prior to any signs of cracking. Two modified versions of the double linear damage rule method, neither of which are related to a physical crack initiation event, are subsequently presented along with several applications showing how the different methods compare. The examples provided include two-level and multilevel tests, a gas-turbine engine compressor disk, and the cumulative damage associated with the irreversible hardening of type 304 stainless steel.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... of Fatigue The Brittle Fracture Problem Changes in Design Philosophy Life-Limiting Factors Acknowledgments References References 1. Benac D.J. , Failure Analysis and Life Assessment of Structural Components and Equipment , Failure Analysis and Prevention , Vol 11 , ASM...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490265
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... can be used, whereas in other cases a complex finite-element analysis may be required. The Schlottner and Seeley method provides a unique way of estimating damage based on time life fractions using a strain-exhaustion criterion. LCF Life Expenditure in Pure Fatigue For pure-fatigue conditions...
Abstract
This chapter covers the failure modes and mechanisms of concern in steam turbines and the methods used to assess remaining component life. It provides a detailed overview of the design considerations, material requirements, damage mechanisms, and remaining-life-assessment methods for the most-failure prone components beginning with rotors and continuing on to casings, blades, nozzles, and high-temperature bolts. The chapter makes extensive use of images, diagrams, data plots, and tables and includes step-by-step instructions where relevant.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.9781627083447
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
...Abstract Abstract This chapter describes the phenomenological aspects of fatigue and how to assess its effect on the life of components operating in high-temperature environments. It explains how fatigue is measured and expressed and how it is affected by loading conditions (stress cycles...
Abstract
This chapter describes the phenomenological aspects of fatigue and how to assess its effect on the life of components operating in high-temperature environments. It explains how fatigue is measured and expressed and how it is affected by loading conditions (stress cycles, amplitude, and frequency) and factors such as temperature, material defects, component geometry, and processing history. It provides a detailed overview of the damage mechanisms associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue as well as thermal fatigue, creep-fatigue, and fatigue-crack growth. It also demonstrates the use of tools and techniques that have been developed to quantify fatigue-related damage and its effect on the remaining life of components.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2022
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.isceg.t59320049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-332-4
... conditions, and obtains the component loads. Process: The analyst conducts the numerical analysis on the computer using a commercial software package. Post-process: The analyst prints and plots the Von Mises stresses, deflections as a measure of stiffness, and fatigue life. Figure 5.9 provides...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of how the disciplines of design, material, and manufacturing contribute to engineering for functional performance. It describes the interaction of product designers and casting engineers in product development. It discusses the consequences of component failure, uncertainty in data and assumptions, and selection of the factor of safety. The chapter also presents an overview of the functional requirements for product performance and provides an overview of product design development. It also presents a partial list of the different tests that are performed on prototypes and examples of product testing. The chapter describes the requirements of a traceability system.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdmht.t52060111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-343-0
... are not specified; rather, they are derived from the stresses and ramping rates as the consequential combined creep and plasticity values. To analyze the data, and to cast them in a form commonly used in creep-fatigue analysis, however, they are cross-plotted to obtain life along lines of constant strain range...
Abstract
This chapter explains why it is sometimes necessary to separate inelastic from elastic strains and how to do it using one of two methods. It first discusses the direct calculation of strain-range components from experimental data associated with large strains. It then explains how the method can be extended to the treatment of very low inelastic strains by adjusting tensile and compressive hold periods and continuous cycling frequencies. The chapter then begins the presentation of the second approach, called the total strain-range method, so named because it combines elastic and inelastic strain into a total strain range. The discussion covers important features, procedures, and correlations as well as the use of models and the steps involved in predicting thermomechanical fatigue (TMF) life. It also includes information on isothermal fatigue, bithermal creep-fatigue testing, and the predictability of the method for TMF cycling.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fdsm.t69870157
EISBN: 978-1-62708-344-7
... very accurate, though not exact, closed-form solutions for the case of the circular sections. The procedure and results are described next. To carry out the analysis, use is made of the life relation discussed in Chapter 3, “Fatigue Life Relations” : (Eq 7.1) Δ ε / Δ ε T = ( N...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the effects of fatigue in rotating shafts subjected to elastic and plastic strains associated with bending stresses. It begins with a review of the basic approach to treating low-cycle fatigue in bending, explaining that the assumption that stress is proportional to strain is incorrect due to plastic flow, causing considerable discrepancy between measured and calculated stresses. Data plots of the axial and bending fatigue characteristics of a 4130 steel help illustrate the problem. A closed-form solution is then presented and used to analyze the effects of flexural bending on solid as well as hollow rectangular and round bars. The chapter also discusses the difference in the treatment of a rotating shaft in which all surface elements undergo the same stress and strain and a nonrotating shaft in which a few surface elements carry most of the load. The difference, as explained, is due to the volumetric effect of stress in fatigue.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
...-Life Assessment , Failure Analysis and Prevention , Vol 11 , ASM Handbook , ASM International , 2002 • Krempl E. , Design for Fatigue Resistance , Materials Selection and Design , Vol 20 , ASM Handbook , ASM International , 1997 • Lund R.A. and Sheybany S...
Abstract
Fatigue failures occur due to the application of fluctuating stresses that are much lower than the stress required to cause failure during a single application of stress. This chapter describes three basic factors that cause fatigue: a maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value, a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The discussion covers high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and fatigue crack propagation. The chapter then discusses the stages where fatigue crack nucleation and growth occurs. It describes the most effective methods of improving fatigue life. The chapter also explains the effect of geometrical stress concentrations on fatigue. In addition, it explores the environmental effects of corrosion fatigue, low-temperature fatigue, high-temperature fatigue, and thermal fatigue. Finally, the chapter discusses a number of design philosophies or methodologies to deal with design against fatigue failures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mmfi.t69540379
EISBN: 978-1-62708-309-6
... and strain ranges for each arbitrary element along the potential crack path can therefore be determined using an appropriate stress analysis based on the theory of elasticity. The total life of each element can be calculated from the fatigue properties (i.e., strain amplitude/cycles to failure curve...
Abstract
This appendix presents an analytical model that estimates damage rates for both crack initiation and propagation mechanisms. The model provides a nonarbitrary definition of fatigue crack initiation length, which serves as an analytical link between initiation and propagation analyses and appears to have considerable merit in estimating the total fatigue life of notched and cracked structures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1989
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.dmlahtc.t60490001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-340-9
... and oil refineries can cause material-related problems such as embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and oxidation. It also discusses the factors and considerations involved in determining design life, defining failure criteria, and implementing remaining-life-assessment procedures...
Abstract
The ability to accurately assess the remaining life of components is essential to the operation of plants and equipment, particularly those in service beyond their design life. This, in turn, requires a knowledge of material failure modes and a proficiency for predicting the near and long term effects of mechanical, chemical, and thermal stressors. This chapter presents a broad overview of the types of damage to which materials are exposed at high temperatures and the approaches used to estimate remaining service life. It explains how operating conditions in power plants and oil refineries can cause material-related problems such as embrittlement, creep, thermal fatigue, hot corrosion, and oxidation. It also discusses the factors and considerations involved in determining design life, defining failure criteria, and implementing remaining-life-assessment procedures.