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in Fatigue and Fracture of Engineering Alloys
> Fatigue and Fracture<subtitle>Understanding the Basics</subtitle>
Published: 01 November 2012
Fig. 45 Fatigue crack nucleation sites in Ti-6Al-4V. (a) Fully lamellar microstructure. (b) Fully equiaxed microstructure. (c) Duplex microstructure. Source: Ref 27
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Image
Published: 01 December 2000
Fig. 12.19 Fatigue crack nucleation sites in Ti-6Al-4V alpha-beta alloy. (a) Fully lamellar microstructure. (b) Fully equiaxed microstructure. (c) Duplex microstructure
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
..., a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The discussion covers high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and fatigue crack propagation. The chapter then discusses the stages where fatigue crack nucleation and growth occurs...
Abstract
Fatigue failures occur due to the application of fluctuating stresses that are much lower than the stress required to cause failure during a single application of stress. This chapter describes three basic factors that cause fatigue: a maximum tensile stress of sufficiently high value, a large enough variation or fluctuation in the applied stress, and a sufficiently large number of cycles of the applied stress. The discussion covers high-cycle fatigue, low-cycle fatigue, and fatigue crack propagation. The chapter then discusses the stages where fatigue crack nucleation and growth occurs. It describes the most effective methods of improving fatigue life. The chapter also explains the effect of geometrical stress concentrations on fatigue. In addition, it explores the environmental effects of corrosion fatigue, low-temperature fatigue, high-temperature fatigue, and thermal fatigue. Finally, the chapter discusses a number of design philosophies or methodologies to deal with design against fatigue failures.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 1997
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.wip.t65930141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-359-1
... weldment using extensive experimental data and a computer model that simulates the fatigue resistance of weldments. Next, the process of fatigue in weldments is discussed in general terms, and the service conditions that favor long crack growth and the conditions that favor crack nucleation are contrasted...
Abstract
This article is intended to help engineers understand why the fatigue behavior of weldments can be such a confusing and seemingly contradictory topic and hopefully to clarify this complex subject. It first reexamines the factors influencing the fatigue behavior of an individual weldment using extensive experimental data and a computer model that simulates the fatigue resistance of weldments. Next, the process of fatigue in weldments is discussed in general terms, and the service conditions that favor long crack growth and the conditions that favor crack nucleation are contrasted. The article then presents experimental data that show the effect of weldment geometry on fatigue resistance. Several useful geometry classification systems are compared. Finally, a computer model is employed to investigate the behavior of two hypothetical weldments: a discontinuity-containing ("Nominal") weldment and a discontinuity-free ("Ideal") weldment.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130151
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... be observed, occurred from the bottom of the tooth, propagating toward the internal diameter. The visual aspect of the cracked surface is an indication that the crack occurred by nucleation and propagation of the cracks through cyclic efforts (fatigue) of the unidirectional type. The final crack happened...
Abstract
This chapter describes cast steel features that may be identified or attributed to component failure during heat treatment or subsequent processing or service, namely porosity (generated by the presence of gas as well as by shrinkage pores), decarburization, cold joint, and inclusions.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... and lead to early crack nucleation. This detrimental effect can be reduced substantially by lowering the impurity levels. This is illustrated in Fig. 35 , which shows that a significant improvement in the high-cycle fatigue life of 7075 alloy is obtained by lowering the iron and silicon content (7475...
Abstract
This chapter provides information and data on the fatigue and fracture properties of steel, aluminum, and titanium alloys. It explains how microstructure, grain size, inclusions, and other factors affect the fracture toughness and fatigue life of these materials and the extent to which they can be optimized. It also discusses the effect of metalworking and heat treatment, the influence of loading and operating conditions, and factors such as corrosion damage that can accelerate crack growth rates.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130111
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... instigating, appears, requiring a broad knowledge of materials science. In the following topics, a brief overview is given about the main mechanisms and factors influencing the fatigue life of a component during both the nucleation and crack propagation phases. Fatigue Crack Initiation Generally...
Abstract
This chapter briefly outlines some of the basic aspects of failure analysis, describing some of the basic steps and major concerns in conducting a failure analysis. A brief review of failure types from fracture, distortion, wear-assisted failure, and environmentally assisted failure (corrosion) is also provided.
Image
Published: 01 December 2003
Fig. 13 Optical micrographs showing the nucleation and growth of a mode I fatigue crack in the plane of the notch as a result of cyclic compression loading in high-impact polystyrene. (a) Crazing before fatigue cycling. (b) Nucleation of fatigue crack after 15,000 cycles. (c) Crack growth
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Image
Published: 01 July 1997
Fig. 1 Metallic fatigue. The stages of fatigue include cyclic slip (crack nucleation) and stage I and stage II crack growth.
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Image
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 29 Complete cross-sectional fracture surface of the intermediate I axle. The white arrow shows the nucleating site of the fatigue crack. The surface generated by the fatigue crack propagation is identified by “F,” while the final fracture of the remaining section is indicated by “FF.”
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Image
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 14 Fatigue striations in (a) interstitial-free steel and (b) aluminum alloy AA2024-T42. (c) Fatigue fracture surface of a cast aluminum alloy where a fatigue crack was nucleated from a casting defect, presenting solidification dendrites on the surface. Arrow at top right indicates fatigue
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610147
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... Crack Nucleation and Growth Fatigue cracks generally initiate in a highly stressed region of a component subjected to cyclic stresses of sufficient magnitude. The crack propagates under the applied stress through the material until complete fracture results. On the microscopic scale, the most...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the factors that play a role in fatigue failures and how they affect the service life of metals and structures. It describes the stresses associated with high-cycle and low-cycle fatigue and how they differ from the loading profiles typically used to generate fatigue data. It compares the Gerber, Goodman, and Soderberg methods for predicting the effect of mean stress from bending data, describes the statistical nature of fatigue measurements, and explains how plastic strain causes cyclic hardening and softening. It discusses the work of Wohler, Basquin, and others and how it led to the development of a strain-based approach to fatigue and the use of fatigue strength and ductility coefficients. It reviews the three stages of fatigue, beginning with crack initiation followed by crack growth and final fracture. It explains how fracture mechanics can be applied to crack propagation and how stress concentrations affect fatigue life. It also discusses fatigue life improvement methods and design approaches.
Image
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 27 (a) General view of the probable initial region of crack nucleation by fatigue crack. (b) Magnification of the region in the box at the left in (a). (c) Magnification of the region in the box at the right in (a)
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Image
Published: 01 September 2008
Fig. 15 Aspect of the fracture surface showing that approximately 30% of the longitudinal section had been taken over by the cracks diffused by fatigue. Many subsuperficial casting defects were also observed where the nucleation of the cracks started.
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780238
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... is generally practiced. The total-life approach is used with unnotched specimens that are assumed to be defect free, and this methodology is predicated on the notion that fatigue failure is a consequence of both crack nucleation and subsequent growth. Conversely, the defect-tolerant approach bases the fatigue...
Abstract
This article reviews fatigue test methodologies, provides an overview of general fatigue behavior (crack initiation and propagation) in engineering plastics, and discusses some of the factors affecting the fatigue performance of polymers. In addition, it provides information on fractography that provides useful insight into the nature of fracture processes.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
... materials. The fatigue process has proved to be very difficult to study. Nonetheless, extensive progress on understanding the phases of fatigue has been made in the last 100 years or so. It now is generally agreed that four distinct phases of fatigue may occur: Crack nucleation Structurally...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief review of industry’s battle with fatigue and fracture and what has been learned about the underlying failure mechanisms and their effect on product lifetime and service. It recounts some of the tragic events that led to the discovery of fatigue and brittle fracture and explains how they reshaped design philosophies, procedures, and tools. It also discusses the influence of material and manufacturing defects, operating conditions, stress concentration and intensity, temperature and pressure, and cyclic loading, all of which play a role in the onset of fatigue cracking and thus should be considered when predicting useful product life.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060385
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of fatigue into separate stages was based on early research with certain metals (such as aluminum alloys) that exhibited a distinct transition in the fatigue cracking of smooth specimens. During repetitive stressing of smooth specimens, fatigue cracks nucleated and coalesced by slip plane fracture, extending...
Abstract
Durability is a generic term used to describe the performance of a material or a component made from that material in a given application. In order to be durable, a material must resist failure by wear, corrosion, fracture, fatigue, deformation, and exposure to a range of service temperatures. This chapter covers several types of component and material failure associated with wear, temperature effects, and crack growth. It examines temperature-induced, brittle, ductile, and fatigue failures as well as failures due to abrasive, erosive, adhesive, and fretting wear and cavitation fatigue. It also discusses preventative measures.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430325
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... of constraint such as tube penetrations into headers or pipes, welds, and attachments or supports are prone to fatigue failure, normally showing crack initiation at the OD of the tube. Mechanical Fatigue Mechanical fatigue is defined as fracture under fluctuating mechanical stresses having a maximum...
Abstract
Boiler tubes subjected to cyclic or fluctuating loads over extended periods of time are prone to fatigue failure. Fatigue can occur at relatively low stresses and is implicated in almost 80% of the tube failures in firetube boilers. This chapter covers the most common forms of boiler tube fatigue, including mechanical or vibrational fatigue, corrosion fatigue, thermal fatigue, and creep-fatigue interaction. It discusses the causes, characteristics, and impacts of each type and provides several case studies.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ffub.t53610415
EISBN: 978-1-62708-303-4
..., sometimes intergranular cracking may not be readily discernible on the surface of a brittle stress-rupture fracture due to a buildup of surface oxides. Intergranular creep fracture depends on the nucleation, growth, and subsequent linking of voids on grain boundaries to form two types of cavities: wedge...
Abstract
This chapter compares and contrasts the high-temperature behaviors of metals and composites. It describes the use of creep curves and stress-rupture testing along with the underlying mechanisms in creep deformation and elevated-temperature fracture. It also discusses creep-life prediction and related design methods and some of the factors involved in high-temperature fatigue, including creep-fatigue interaction and thermomechanical damage.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.spsp2.t54410499
EISBN: 978-1-62708-265-5
... and Embrittlement Phenomena in Steels,” and several cases of intergranular cracking have been reported in induction-hardened steels. One study documented intergranular fracture in induction-hardened axles of a modified 1050 steel under conditions of bending overload and rotating bending fatigue ( Ref 21.14...
Abstract
Mechanical components often require surface treatments to meet application demands. This chapter describes several surface hardening treatments for steel and their effect on microstructure, composition, and properties. It discusses flame hardening, induction heating, carburizing, nitriding, carbonitriding, and nitrocarburizing. The discussion on carburizing addresses several interrelated factors, including processing principles, alloying, surface oxidation, residual stresses, bending fatigue, contact fatigue, and fracture.
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