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extruded metal products
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980195
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel...
Abstract
Compared with other deformation processes used to produce semifinished products, the hot-working extrusion process has the advantage of applying pure compressive forces in all three force directions, enhancing workability. The available variations in the extrusion process enable a wide spectrum of materials to be extruded. This chapter focuses on the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in various metals and their alloys, namely tin, lead, lead-base soft solders, tin-base soft solders, zinc, magnesium, aluminum, copper, titanium, zirconium, iron, nickel, and powder metals. It discusses their properties and applications as well as suitable equipment for extrusion. It further discusses the processes involved in the extrusion of semifinished products in exotic alloys and extrusion of semifinished products from metallic composite materials.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... of 600 to 1300 deg C. aluminum alloy extrusion copper alloy extrusion extruded metal products hot extrusion iron extrusion magnesium alloy extrusion tin alloy extrusion titanium alloy extrusion THE HOT-WORKING PROCESS extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar...
Abstract
The hot-working process extrusion is used to produce semifinished products in the form of bar, strip, and solid sections, as well as tubes and hollow sections. The first part of this chapter describes the composition, properties, and applications of tin and lead extruded products with a deformation temperature range of 0 to 300 deg C and magnesium and aluminum extruded products with a working temperature range of 300 to 600 deg C. The second part focuses on copper alloy extruded products, extruded titanium alloy products, and extruded products in iron alloys with a working temperature range of 600 to 1300 deg C.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980141
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... the characteristics of pure metals and alloys at higher temperatures. The processes involved in extrusion are then covered. The chapter provides details on how the toughness and fracture characteristics of metals and alloys affect the extrusion process. The weld seams in hollow profiles, the production of composite...
Abstract
This chapter explains the basic terminology and principles of metallurgy as they apply to extrusion. It begins with an overview of crystal structure in metals and alloys, including crystal defects and orientation. This is followed by sections discussing the development of the continuous cast microstructure of aluminum and copper alloys. The discussion provides information on billet and grain segregation and defects in continuous casting. The chapter then discusses the processes involved in the deformation of pure metals and alloys at room temperature. Next, it describes the characteristics of pure metals and alloys at higher temperatures. The processes involved in extrusion are then covered. The chapter provides details on how the toughness and fracture characteristics of metals and alloys affect the extrusion process. The weld seams in hollow profiles, the production of composite profiles, and the processing of composite materials, as well as the extrusion of metal powders, are discussed. The chapter ends with a discussion on the factors that define the extrudability of metallic materials and how these attributes are characterized.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340375
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Abstract Aluminum alloy products offer architectural and building solutions that exploit the benefits inherent in this metal: light weight, excellent durability, low maintenance, and thermal management opportunities. This chapter discusses the major applications for aluminum building products...
Abstract
Aluminum alloy products offer architectural and building solutions that exploit the benefits inherent in this metal: light weight, excellent durability, low maintenance, and thermal management opportunities. This chapter discusses the major applications for aluminum building products and related competitive materials. The commonly used alloys and tempers and their performance benefits are outlined for extruded profiles, rolled sheet and foil, and die cast products.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 June 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.atia.t59340143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-427-7
... Anodized 6xxx alloy extruded shapes for building and construction. Source: Design World , May 19, 2018 ALTHOUGH OTHER METALS can be extruded, aluminum extrusions are, by far, the most commercially important in the metals industry. The relatively low pressures required to extrude aluminum products...
Abstract
Aluminum shapes, rod, bar, tubes, and wire may be produced directly as extrusions or by subsequent processing of continuous cast stock. This chapter describes the key aspects of aluminum extrusion and wire production focusing on the more common hot extrusion process and presenting the general types of aluminum extrusion alloys. An overview of free-machining alloys and products, and weldable 6xxx and 7xxx high-strength structural alloys is also provided.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... for an extrusion press designed specifically for brass rod ( Fig. 1.7 ) [ Dic 94 ]. His idea was to cast liquid metal into the vertically orientated container and to let it solidify. After rotating the container into the horizontal position, the product was extruded from this initial heat through a replaceable die...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the basic principles and historic development of metal extrusion processes. It starts by illustrating the two major process categories: direct extrusion and indirect extrusion. It then briefly defines hydrostatic extrusion and the conform process. The history coverage addresses early patents for extrusion of lead at the turn of the 17th century up through the major process innovations in the 20th century.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... to determine extrudability. It was shown that extrudability, as well as the mechanical properties and surface quality, may be significantly improved by using billet preheating practices different from accepted normal production practices. At high billet temperatures, a sharp increase in extrudability...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion characteristics of relatively soft aluminum alloys. It begins by identifying alloy designations within the class and the types of extrusions made from them. It then explains how extruded shapes and cross-sections are defined and how to analyze and assess important process variables such as runout, extrusion pressure, ram speed, and butt thickness. It also provides best practices for various operations and explains how to identify and remedy common extrusion defects.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
..., and product design. The demands made on profiles for tolerances and on dies for die life and trial runs are becoming greater and greater. The application of extruded profiles in the world is changing every year. The uses of extruded aluminum profiles in the architectural, automotive, and high technology...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the design, configuration, and function of tooling and dies used to extrude aluminum alloys. It discuses basic design considerations, including the geometry, location, and orientation of die openings; allowances for thermal shrinkage, stretching, and deflection; and the length and profile of bearing surfaces. It outlines the steps and processes involved in die making, describes the selection and treatment of die materials, and examines the factors that influence friction and wear. It also discusses the general procedures for on-site die correction.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260119
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... for the extrusion producer. But the technology is changing and improving toward higher productivity and quality. The advances in the billet process, equipment, and technology can be followed through the successive proceedings of the Aluminum Association and the Aluminum Extruders Council’s International Extrusion...
Abstract
This chapter describes various aspects of the billet making process and how they affect the quality of aluminum extrusions. It begins with an overview of the direct-chill continuous casting technique and its advantages over other methods, particularly for hard aluminum alloys. It then discusses the influence of casting variables, including pouring temperature and cooling rate, and operating considerations such as the make-up of charge materials, fluxing and degassing procedures, and grain refining. The chapter also provides information on vertical and horizontal casting systems, billet homogenization, and the cause of casting defects, including cracking and splitting, segregation, porosity, and grain growth.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... simultaneously right from the start of extrusion. Some of the generated heat remains in the extruded metal, some is transmitted to the container and die, and some even increases the temperature of the part of the billet that is not yet extruded. The process of heat conduction through the billet during extrusion...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the thermodynamics of extrusion. It begins by presenting a thermodynamic model of the extrusion process expressed in the form of finite difference equations. It then explains how the model accounts for multiple sources of heat generation, the influence of principal variables on temperature rise, and different types of temperature measurements. It also discusses the benefits of isothermal extrusion and how it achieves consistent mechanical properties in extruded components.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980417
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
...-sectional geometry of the extrusion: Flat dies with and without a feeder chamber for the production of rods and solid sections. Figure 7.3 shows the tool set required. These extrusion tools can be used for all extrudable metallic materials. Tube tools for the production of round and shaped tubes...
Abstract
This chapter begins with a description of the requirements of tooling and tooling material for hot extrusion. It covers the processes of designing tool and die sets for direct and indirect extrusion. Next, the chapter provides information on extrusion tooling and die sets for direct external and internal shape production and tools for copper alloy extrusion. Further, it addresses design, calculation, and dimensioning of single-piece and two-part containers and describes induction heating for containers. Information on static- and elastic-based analysis and dimensioning of containers loaded in three dimensions is provided. Examples of calculations for different containers, along with their stresses and dimensions, are presented and the manufacture, operation, and maintenance of containers are described. The chapter further discusses the properties and applications of hot working materials for the manufacture of extrusion tooling and of different extruded materials for the manufacture of extrusion tooling for direct and indirect forming.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980323
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
.... They are designed accordingly and built to meet the needs of the operator. 6.1.1 Machinery for Direct Extrusion The design of a direct-extrusion press is determined by the following factors: Product Aluminum and aluminum alloys (light metal) easy to extrude and/or difficult to extrude. Wire, bar...
Abstract
The machinery and equipment required for rod and tube extrusion is determined by the specific extrusion process. This chapter provides a detailed description of the design requirements and principles of machinery and equipment for direct and indirect hot extrusion. It then covers the presses and auxiliary equipment for tube extrusion, induction furnaces for billet processing, handling systems for copper and aluminum alloy products, extrusion cooling systems, and age-hardening ovens. Next, the chapter describes the principles and applications of equipment for the production of aluminum and copper billets. Then, it focuses on process control in both direct and indirect hot extrusion of aluminum alloys without lubrication. The chapter describes the technology of electrical and electronic controls in the extrusion process. It ends with a discussion on the factors that influence the productivity and quality of the products in the extrusion process and methods for process optimization.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... , normally used in engineering schools across the world cover the principles and very fundamental aspects of manufacturing processes, including metal cutting, rolling, forging, drawing, and extrusion. Engineers and product designers are not specifically taught about the extrusion process in detail in either...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic differences between direct and indirect extrusion, the application of plastic theory, the significance of strain and strain rate, friction, and pressure, and factors such as alloy flow stress and extrusion ratio, which influence the quality of material exiting the die and the amount of force required.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.9781627083423
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ex2.t69980059
EISBN: 978-1-62708-342-3
... is the extrusion of semifinished products of aluminum. However, all other metallic materials including steel, copper, brass, lead, and zinc can be deformed by the direct extrusion process. Fig. 3.1(a) depicts the most important direct extrusion processes discussed in this book. The process can be divided...
Abstract
This chapter opens with a discussion of the classification of rod and tube extrusion processes. The standard processes involve hot working (extrusion at temperatures above room temperature), but some specialized cold working processes are also used for rod and tube extrusion. The next section reviews principles, variations, thermal conditions, axial load calculation, material flow, and applications of direct extrusion and indirect extrusion, with examples provided for extrusion of aluminum and copper alloys. Next, the chapter focuses on the process principles, advantages, and applications of conventional hydrostatic extrusion and thick film processes. This is followed by sections providing information on the special extrusion processes, namely conform process and cable sheathing. The chapter ends with a discussion on direct and indirect tube extrusion.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... more integrated shapes. Every four years the Aluminum Extruders Council and the Aluminum Association present many research and technical papers from all over the world in areas such as extrusion process and equipment, billet process and equipment, die design and technology, applications, and product...
Abstract
This chapter provides a summary of ongoing efforts to improve quality and productivity in the aluminum extrusion industry. It assesses advancements in several areas including extrusion presses and auxiliary equipment, tool and die technology, billet casting, extrusion thermodynamics and tribology, and process control.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.stmflw.t59390284
EISBN: 978-1-62708-459-8
... in nonuniform metal flow, which in turn leads to internal stresses and curving of the extruded product. Unlubricated extrusion with sticking friction also has advantages. The extruded product is smooth and shiny because its surface is formed by shearing inside the body of the billet. Undesirable side effects...
Abstract
This chapter deals with the mechanics and tribology associated with the extrusion of bars, sections, and tubes. It covers direct and indirect extrusion processes in detail and demonstrates the use of important equations, relationships, and measurements for determining pressure, force, material flow, friction, die wear, heat generation, and lubrication requirements. The chapter also provides information on hydrostatic, friction-assisted, and severe plastic deformation extrusion processes, discusses the cause of instabilities and defects, and explains how to select and apply lubricants to minimize friction and die wear when extruding steel, aluminum, copper, and refractory metals.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.aet.t68260187
EISBN: 978-1-62708-336-2
... throughout the aluminum industry worldwide. However, when extruding MMCs, dies made from tool steel are not used due to the abrasive action of the hard ceramic particles. The development of suitable die materials and die design has been the greatest challenge in extrusion of aluminum-based metal matrix...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the extrusion characteristics of hard aluminum alloys, particularly those in the 5000 and 7000 series. It begins with a review of two studies, one showing how the extrudability of 7 xxx alloys varies with the presence and amount of different alloying elements, the other relating minimum wall thickness with circumscribing circle diameter. It then explains how oxides on either the billet or container complicate the control of extrusion as well as auxiliary processes and how material flow and the movement of trapped gasses in different regions of the extrusion can lead to defects and variations in strength. It also discusses the extrusion of aluminum matrix composites and explains how composite billets are made.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tpmpa.t54480207
EISBN: 978-1-62708-318-8
... Abstract Most integrated titanium mills have primary working equipment designed specifically for titanium. This chapter describes the forging, rolling, and extruding equipment used to produce titanium mill products and sheds light on the corresponding process, structure, property relationships...
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230163
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... al. 1976 ], principally because of its good extrudability, ease of machining, better formability, and generally better fabricability than unalloyed beryllium [ London 1979 ]. 14.4 Aluminum-Beryllium Production Beryllium-38wt%Al (Lockalloy) was vacuum annealed, inspected, and consolidated...
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