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Enthalpy according to grain-boundary or interface tension, peculiar to micr...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2.3 Enthalpy according to grain-boundary or interface tension, peculiar to microstructures.
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Image
(a) Enthalpy (Δ H ) at ordinary pressure and (b) heat capacity at constant ...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2.4 (a) Enthalpy (Δ H ) at ordinary pressure and (b) heat capacity at constant pressure of H 2 O. The heat capacity of water is abnormally large. In case of mercury, for instance, C P is 27.7 J/K mol.
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Diagrams of (a) enthalpy, (b) entropy, and (c) free energy of a pure substa...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2.7 Diagrams of (a) enthalpy, (b) entropy, and (c) free energy of a pure substance. Thick lines indicate the stable phase and the thin lines the metastable phase.
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Image
The outlines of enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of amorphous phase and t...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2.21 The outlines of enthalpy, entropy, and free energy of amorphous phase and the measured samples of glass transition temperature. The nature of amorphous phase is not known well, and there are a lot of unknowns. (a) H-T. (b) S-T. (c) G-T. (d) T g - T m
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Enthalpy of substitutional solid solution (at constant temperature and pres...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 3.8 Enthalpy of substitutional solid solution (at constant temperature and pressure). (a) A-B binary system. (b) A-B-C ternary system
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The change in enthalpy and free energy in accordance with first-order and s...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 7.9 The change in enthalpy and free energy in accordance with first-order and second-order phase change
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Schematic diagram showing (a) enthalpy vs. temperature for a pure metal, an...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 March 2012
Fig. 12.8 Schematic diagram showing (a) enthalpy vs. temperature for a pure metal, and (b) DTA signal for melting (bottom) and freezing (top). Adapted from Ref 12.4
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Image
Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. 3.4 Variation of enthalpy, H , and free energy, G , with temperature for the solid and liquid phases of a pure metal. L , latent heat of melting. T m, equilibrium melting temperature. Adapted from Ref 3.1
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in Fundamentals of Induction Heating
> Handbook of Induction Soldering: Principles, Processing, and Applications
Published: 31 December 2024
Fig. 3.14 Specific heat capacity (enthalpy), W B , in kWs/g of selected materials as a function of temperature
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Book Chapter
Free Energy of Pure Substances
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... Abstract This chapter describes the basics of energy and entropy and “free energy.” Fundamentals of internal energy U , the enthalpy H , entropy S , free energies G , and F of a substance are presented. The chapter also presents the thermal vibration model to promote a better...
Abstract
This chapter describes the basics of energy and entropy and “free energy.” Fundamentals of internal energy U , the enthalpy H , entropy S , free energies G , and F of a substance are presented. The chapter also presents the thermal vibration model to promote a better understanding of the U , S , and F of the crystal. It covers basic concepts of thermodynamics of magnetic transition and discusses the role and the meaning of magnetic transition in iron and steel. The chapter concludes with a general discussion on an amorphous phase from a thermodynamic viewpoint.
Book Chapter
Structure of Metals and Alloys
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060013
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... of equilibrium phase diagrams, the role of enthalpy and Gibb’s free energy in chemical reactions, and a method for determining phase compositions along the solidus and liquidus lines. atomic diffusion body-centered cubic systems crystal defects equilibrium phase diagram face-centered cubic systems...
Abstract
This chapter introduces many of the key concepts on which metallurgy is based. It begins with an overview of the atomic nature of matter and the forces that link atoms together in crystal lattice structures. It discusses the types of imperfections (or defects) that occur in the crystal structure of metals and their role in mechanical deformation, annealing, precipitation, and diffusion. It describes the concept of solid solutions and the effect of temperature on solubility and phase transformations. The chapter also discusses the formation of solidification structures, the use of equilibrium phase diagrams, the role of enthalpy and Gibb’s free energy in chemical reactions, and a method for determining phase compositions along the solidus and liquidus lines.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Ordering
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320197
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
... a disordered state is chaotic, entropy S is large and enthalpy H is high. However, S is small and H is low in an ordered state. As a result, the value of free energy G = H ≈ TS is lower in a disordered state at high temperature and in an ordered state at low temperature, so the change in state...
Abstract
This chapter covers the analytical methods developed to characterize ordering phenomena in crystal structures. The chapter gives examples of ordering phenomena and discusses models for long-range ordering, such as the Bragg-Williams-Gorsky (B-W-G) model, and for short-range ordering. Examples of ordering and phase separation due to ordering by the B-W-G model are described. The chapter includes an appendix covering the effect of phase separation inversion type.
Image
Published: 01 March 2012
Fig. 3.2 (a) Variation of C p with absolute temperature, T . (b) Variation of enthalpy, H , with absolute temperature for a pure metal. (c) Variation of entropy, S , with absolute temperature. Adapted from Ref 3.1
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Differential scanning calorimetry data used to measure heat capacity, in th...
Available to PurchasePublished: 30 April 2020
Fig. 3.19 Differential scanning calorimetry data used to measure heat capacity, in this case for a wax blend, showing a broad melting event. The integral of the curve is the basis for calculating the melting enthalpy. Source: Gebelin et al. ( Ref 4 )
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Image
Thermodynamic properties of magnetic materials. (a) The changes in the heat...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 December 2008
Fig. 2.19 Thermodynamic properties of magnetic materials. (a) The changes in the heat capacity (a1), the enthalpy (a2), and the free energy (a3) of bcc Fe according to magnetic transformation. (b) Unless magnetic transition occurs, A 3 transition will not occur. (c) Is hcp Fe nonmagnetic? See
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... coefficient of thermal expansion crystal structure enthalpy heat capacity nuclear properties physical properties thermal conductivity thermal diffusivity vapor pressure 4.1 Introduction This chapter is divided into five subsections: atomic/crystal structure, elastic properties, thermal...
Abstract
This chapter provides a thorough review of the crystal structure of beryllium and its elastic, thermal, and nuclear properties. It also includes information on electrical and optical properties and an extensive amount of data in the form of tables and plots.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics of Solutions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tm.t52320055
EISBN: 978-1-62708-357-7
...–</xref><xref ref-type="bibr" rid="t52320055-ref5">5)</xref> As shown in Chapter 2 , the Gibbs free energy G of a pure substance can be divided into an enthalpy term ( H ) and an entropy term (– TS ). Similarly for a solution, it is easy to understand it if it is divided into an enthalpy term indicating the bond strength between atoms...
Abstract
This chapter explains the idea of solution theory and the nature of mixed materials. The chapter considers approximation of free energy by the regular solution model and sublattice model. It discusses chemical potential and nonrandom distribution based on the interactions between solute atoms.
Book Chapter
Thermodynamics and Phase Diagrams
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420041
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... and interpretation of phase diagrams. The thermodynamic quantities that are most frequently used in materials science are the enthalpy, in the form of the heat content of a phase; the heat of formation of a phase, or the latent heat of a phase transformation; the heat capacity, which is the change of heat...
Abstract
This chapter explains how the principles of chemical thermodynamics are used in the construction and interpretation of phase diagrams. After a brief review of the laws of thermodynamics, it describes the concept of Gibbs free energy and its application to transformations that occur in single-component and binary solid solutions. It then examines the relationship between the free energy of a solution and the chemical potentials of the individual components. It also explains how to account for the heat of mixing using quasi-chemical models, discusses the effect of interatomic bond energies and chemical potentials, and shows how the equilibrium state of an alloy can be obtained from free-energy curves.
Book Chapter
Abbreviations and Symbols
Available to PurchaseBook: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440243
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... force gauss (alternate cgs-emu system) Gibbs free energy enthalpy heat-affected zone acceleration due to gravity height of solder cap dissolution rate constant stress concentration factor Boltzman constant represents a metal in a reaction microelectromechanical system multi-chip modules parts per...
Abstract
This chapter presents abbreviations and symbols used for soldering.
Book Chapter
Phase Diagram Determination
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2012
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pdub.t53420239
EISBN: 978-1-62708-310-2
... and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). A phase transition usually involves an enthalpy change (evolution or absorption of heat); therefore, thermal properties are commonly monitored to detect phase changes. When a specimen is heated or cooled under uniform conditions, a structural change...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some of the methods and measurements used to construct phase diagrams. It explains how cooling curves were widely used to determine phase boundaries, and how equilibrated alloys examined under controlled heating and cooling provide information for constructing isothermal and vertical sections as well as liquid projections. It also explains how diffusion couples provide a window into local equilibria and identifies typical phase diagram construction errors along with problems stemming from phase-boundary curvatures and congruent transformations.
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