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Paiboon Tangyunyong, Christian Schmidt
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Gulfem Binal, Dervis Ozkan, Yasin Ozgurluk, Sefa Erdem Yilmaz, Abdullah Cahit Karaoglanli
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Book Chapter
Radiographic Inspection
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
.... Three primary attenuation processes of electromagnetic radiation, namely photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, are covered. The chapter then discusses the principles of shadow formation, the process involved in the conversion of radiation into a form suitable for observation...
Abstract
This chapter discusses radiography methods using x-rays, gamma rays, and neutrons. It begins with a discussion on the applications and principles of radiography followed by sections providing information on the sources of radiation, classifications, and characteristics of x-ray tubes. Three primary attenuation processes of electromagnetic radiation, namely photoelectric effect, Compton scattering, and pair production, are covered. The chapter then discusses the principles of shadow formation, the process involved in the conversion of radiation into a form suitable for observation, and the characteristics of x-ray film. It provides information on various exposure factors in film radiography. The chapter provides a description of the characteristics that differentiate neutron radiography from x-ray or gamma ray radiography. The application of neutron radiography is described in terms of its advantages for improved contrast on low atomic number materials, discrimination between isotopes, or inspection of radioactive specimens.
Book Chapter
Inspection Methods: Overview and Comparison
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.imub.t53720001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-305-8
...−either electromagnetic radiation of very short wavelength or particulate radiation−by the part or test piece (object) being inspected. Because of differences in density and variations in thickness of the part, or differences in absorption characteristics caused by variations in composition, different...
Abstract
This chapter provides an overview of the various inspection methods used with metals and alloys, namely visual inspection, coordinate measuring machines, machine vision, hardness testing, tensile testing, chemical analysis, metallography, and nondestructive testing. The nondestructive testing methods discussed are liquid penetrant inspection, magnetic particle inspection, eddy current inspection, radiographic inspection, and ultrasonic testing.
Book Chapter
Instrumentation and Control of Heat Treating Processes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pht2.t51440085
EISBN: 978-1-62708-262-4
... conduction to a fluid followed by translation), and by thermal radiation. Noncontact temperature sensors depend on the thermally generated electromagnetic radiation from a surface of a test object. Electromagnetic radiation is emitted from a heated body when electrons within the body change to a lower energy...
Abstract
The temperature and atmosphere conditions must be precisely controlled in order to achieve the desired metallurgical results during heat treating operations. In order to ensure the repeatability of operation, a heat treating system must have the necessary sensors, timers, and variable (temperature, atmosphere, etc.) controllers to hold the process within prescribed or specified limits. This chapter discusses temperature and atmosphere sensors used in a heat treating system. The temperature sensors covered are contact and noncontact types. The atmosphere sensors covered are oxygen probe, dew point, and infrared. The chapter concludes with an overview of the development of integrated control systems.
Book Chapter
Temperature Measurement
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2007
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.smnm.t52140201
EISBN: 978-1-62708-264-8
... coming from the stars and the sun. It is a form of radiating energy that physics books call electromagnetic radiation. It consists of combined alternating electric and magnetic fields that give rise to the name electromagnetic. Light rays are thought of as waves propagating in a particular direction...
Abstract
Temperature is a critical process parameter in the heat treatment and forging of steel and must be accurately measured to properly control it. This appendix discusses the operating principles of thermocouples and infrared pyrometers, describing the various types as well as advantages and applications.
Image
Schematic representation of the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum tha...
Available to PurchasePublished: 01 April 2013
Fig. 2 Schematic representation of the portion of the electromagnetic spectrum that includes x-rays, gamma rays, ultraviolet and visible light, and infrared radiation, showing their relationship with wave length and photon energy. Source: Ref 1
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Book Chapter
Failure Analysis Methodology
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2005
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.faesmch.t51270019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-301-0
..., γ-rays, and Neutrons Radiography using x-rays, γ-rays, and neutrons uses penetrating electromagnetic radiation or particle radiation. Internal flaws are detected by the difference in absorption of the radiation by the various regions of the component. Flaws in the component are recorded...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic steps of a failure investigation. It explains that the first step is to gather and document information about the failed component and its operating history. It advises investigators to visit the failure site as soon as possible to record damages and collect test specimens for subsequent examination and chemical analysis. It also discusses the role of mechanical property testing, the use of nondestructive evaluation, and the final step of generating a report.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Process Control
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220143
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... heating include the following: A device or method for measuring workpiece temperature. This often consists of an instrument to be given a direct indication of surface or subsurface temperature (e.g., a thermocouple or radiation pyrometer). It can also consist of some indirect measurement that can...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the selection, use, and integration of methods to control process variables in induction heating, including control of workpiece and processing temperature and materials handling systems. The discussion of temperature control includes a review of proportional controllers and heat-regulating devices. Integration of control functions is illustrated with examples related to heating of steel slabs, surface hardening of steel parts, vacuum induction melting for casting operations, and process optimization for electric-demand control. Distributed control within larger manufacturing systems is discussed. The chapter also covers nondestructive techniques for process control and methods for process simulation.
Book Chapter
Localizing Defects with Thermal Detection Techniques
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2019
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfadr7.t91110209
EISBN: 978-1-62708-247-1
... theorem is only valid for a continuous distribution of energies. However, the energy of an electromagnetic wave is quantized in units of hν . The theory of energy quantization led Max Planck to the correct equation to describe the blackbody radiation spectrum R T (ν) = 8πν 2 c 3...
Abstract
Many defects generate excessive heat during operation; this is due to the power dissipation associated with the excess current flow at the defect site. There are several thermal detection techniques for failure analysis and this article focuses on infrared thermography with lock-in detection, which detects an object's temperature from its infrared emission based on blackbody radiation physics. The basic principles and the interpretation of the results are reviewed. Some typical results and a series of examples illustrating the application of this technique are also shown. Brief sections are devoted to the discussion on liquid-crystal imaging and fluorescent microthermal imaging technique for thermal detection.
Book Chapter
Tensile Testing for Design
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.tt2.t51060091
EISBN: 978-1-62708-355-3
... transmission of the required loads without failure for the prescribed product lifetime under anticipated environmental (thermal, chemical, electromagnetic, radiation, etc.) conditions. Optimum performance requirements may also include additional criteria such as minimum weight, minimum life cycle cost...
Abstract
This chapter introduces the basic concepts of mechanical design and its general relation with the properties derived from tensile testing. It begins with a description of the basic objective of product design. Next, a simple tie bar is used to illustrate the application of mechanical property data to material selection and design and to highlight the general implications for mechanical testing. Material subjected to the basic stress conditions is considered to establish design approaches and mechanical test methods, first in static loading and then in dynamic loading and aggressive environments. The chapter then briefly describes design criteria for some basic property combinations such as strength, weight, and costs as well as stiffness in tension. Additionally, it describes the processes involved in mechanical testing for stress at failure and elastic modulus. Finally, the chapter examines the correlation between hardness and strength.
Book Chapter
Crystallographic Planes and Directions
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.emea.t52240631
EISBN: 978-1-62708-251-8
... are [ 1 ¯ 2 1 ¯ 0 ] and [ 1 ¯ 1 ¯ 20 ] , respectively. Fig. C.5 Example of Miller-Bravais directional indices for hexagonal planes. Source: Ref 1 C.5 X-Ray Diffraction for Determining Crystalline Structure X-rays are a form of high-energy electromagnetic...
Abstract
This appendix explains how to identify crystallographic planes and directions. It shows how Miller indices, a system for specifying crystallographic planes within a unit cell, are determined for cubic and hexagonal systems. It also explains how x-ray diffraction techniques are used in the study of crystalline structures.
Book Chapter
Fundamentals of Induction Heating
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 31 December 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.hisppa.t56110011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-483-3
.... Power Densities A special feature of inductive heating, when compared to other heating such as convection, radiation, or heat conduction, is that heat is induced directly in the base materials without contact between the latter and a heat source. The placement of the coil controls the location...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on induction heating principles, including penetration depth and temperature distribution, frequency ranges, inductor efficiency, and power turnover. It also lists the power densities of commonly used heat sources.
Book Chapter
Introduction
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... Abstract Electromagnetic induction, or simply "induction," is a method of heating electrically conductive materials such as metals. It is commonly used for heating workpieces prior to metalworking and in heat treating, welding, and melting. This technique also lends itself to various other...
Abstract
Electromagnetic induction, or simply "induction," is a method of heating electrically conductive materials such as metals. It is commonly used for heating workpieces prior to metalworking and in heat treating, welding, and melting. This technique also lends itself to various other applications involving packaging and curing of resins and coatings. This chapter provides a brief review of the history of induction heating and discusses its applications and advantages.
Book Chapter
Analysis of Structure
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2003
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cfap.t69780343
EISBN: 978-1-62708-281-5
... Fig. 10 Infrared spectra of acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene Most polymer constituents absorb electromagnetic radiation in the IR region. Vibrational states of varying energy levels exist in the molecules. Transition from one vibrational state to another is related to absorption or emission...
Abstract
This article introduces procedures an engineer or materials scientist can use to investigate failures. It provides a brief survey of polymer systems and key properties that need to be measured during failure analysis. The article begins with an overview of the problem-solving approach pertinent to structure analysis. This is followed by a review of the characterization of plastics by infrared and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The article then provides information on the distribution of molecular weight of an engineering plastic. It further discusses the methods used in thermal analysis, namely differential thermal analysis, thermogravimetric analysis, thermal-mechanical analysis, and dynamic mechanical analysis. The following sections provide details on X-ray diffraction for analyzing crystalline phases and on a minimal scheme for polymer analysis and characterization to assist the design engineer. The article ends with a discussion on the thermal-analytical scheme for analyzing the milligram quantities of polymer samples.
Book Chapter
Flux Concentrators, Shields, and Susceptors
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 June 1988
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.eihdca.t65220241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-341-6
... to heat electrically nonconductive materials through radiation or conduction heat-transfer processes. Flux Concentrators When placed in an induction field, magnetic materials tend to gather the lines of flux. Such materials are said to have high permeability. On the other hand, nonmagnetic...
Abstract
To a large extent, the induction coil and its coupling to the workpiece determine the precise heating pattern that is developed. However, it is often desirable to modify this pattern in order to produce a special heating distribution or to increase energy efficiency. At other times, the high heating rates of induction are needed for processing nonconductors. This chapter describes broad methods of accomplishing such objectives: modification of the field of magnetic induction, use of devices to prevent auxiliary equipment or certain portions of a workpiece from being heated, and techniques to apply heating to electrically nonconductive materials. These methods make use of devices such as flux concentrators, shields, and susceptors. The chapter provides a description of the materials for these devices and guidelines for their application.
Book Chapter
Induction Coil Design and Fabrication
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.piht2.t55050317
EISBN: 978-1-62708-311-9
... such as machined coils need to have development programs with testing before the final coil design is produced. This appendix discusses materials used in coil building, coil design, and coil construction techniques. The electromagnetic flux fields and their influence on coil design are presented. In addition...
Abstract
This appendix provides practical information on induction coils and how they are made. It discusses soldering methods, preferred materials, design challenges, and best practices and procedures. It also discusses the design, construction, and application of magnetic flux concentrators and the growing use of computer simulation.
Book Chapter
Analytical Equipment
Available to PurchaseBook: Systems Failure Analysis
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sfa.t52780093
EISBN: 978-1-62708-268-6
... particle inspection) X-ray and neutron beam methods are examples of inspection techniques to examine the inside of objects to check for the presence of hypothesized failure causes. X-ray imaging techniques radiate an object with short-wavelength electromagnetic radiation. This allows one to view...
Abstract
After the fault-tree, a failure-cause identification method has identified potential failure causes and the failure analysis team has prepared a failure mode assessment and assignment (FMA&A). The team knows specifically what to search for when examining components and subassemblies from the failed system. There are numerous techniques and technologies available for examining and analyzing components and subassemblies, which are categorized as follows: optical approaches, dimensional inspection and related approaches, nondestructive test approaches, mechanical and environmental approaches, and chemical and composition analysis for assessing material characteristics. This chapter is a detailed account of the working principle and the steps involved in these techniques and technologies.
Book Chapter
Tools and Techniques for Material Characterization of Boiler Tubes
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2018
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fibtca.t52430107
EISBN: 978-1-62708-253-2
... by bending of light around the edge of an object, leading to the development of an interference pattern. X-rays also undergo diffraction in a similar manner to light. In general, particles of media such as light, sound, or electromagnetic radiation, including x-rays and gamma rays, when made to fall...
Abstract
This chapter describes some of the most effective tools for investigating boiler tube failures, including scanning electron microscopy, optical emission spectroscopy, atomic absorption spectroscopy, x-ray fluorescence spectroscopy, x-ray diffraction, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. It explains how the tools work and what they reveal. It also covers the topic of image analysis and its application in the measurement of grain size, phase/volume fraction, delta ferrite and retained austenite, inclusion rating, depth of carburization/decarburization, scale thickness, pearlite banding, microhardness, and hardness profiles. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion on the effect of scaling and deposition and how to measure it.
Book Chapter
Glossary
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2002
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mgppis.t60400245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-258-7
... of light causing the Airy disk is a factor limiting the resolution of a well-corrected optical system. alignment. A mechanical or electrical adjustment of the components of an optical device so that the path of the radiating beam coincides with the optical axis or other predetermined path in the system...
Abstract
This chapter presents definitions of terms related to the metallurgy and metallographic study of irons and steels.
Book Chapter
Role of Powder Metallurgy Industries in Various Sectors―Part 2
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400337
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... case, engine bracket, and engine encapsulation ( Ref 15.101 ). Innovative sandwich panels made of aluminum surface sheets and aluminum hybrid foam can be used for the battery case ( Ref 15.103 ). Sandwich panels provide electromagnetic radiation damping, battery failure safety, battery protection from...
Abstract
This chapter explains how powder metallurgy technologies are being leveraged for the production of automotive components, electric motors, rare-earth permanent magnets, and the infrastructure for high-speed rail transport.
Book Chapter
Testing and Inspection of Metals—The Quest for Quality
Available to PurchaseSeries: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060149
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
Abstract
This chapter explains how metallography and hardness testing are used to evaluate the quality and condition of metal products. It also discusses the use of tensile testing, fracture toughness and impact testing, fatigue testing, and nondestructive test methods including ultrasonic, x-ray, and eddy current testing.
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