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electrolytic dissolution
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Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400009
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... Abstract This chapter provides a qualitative overview of powder preparation technologies including milling, mechanical alloying, electrolytic dissolution, metal oxide reduction, solid-state reactive synthesis, and gas, water, and centrifugal atomization. It discusses the general implementation...
Abstract
This chapter provides a qualitative overview of powder preparation technologies including milling, mechanical alloying, electrolytic dissolution, metal oxide reduction, solid-state reactive synthesis, and gas, water, and centrifugal atomization. It discusses the general implementation of each process, the materials for which they are used, and the powder characteristics that can be achieved.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030082
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
..., it is generally accepted that the dissolution of both copper and zinc and the subsequent redeposition of copper does occur during the corrosion of copper-zinc alloys in many electrolytic solutions. However, it should be pointed out that this condition is not necessary for dezincification to occur, although...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of metallurgical variables on dealloying corrosion. It begins by describing the processes involved in dealloying of metal alloys in aqueous environments. This is followed by a discussion on the morphology of porous dealloyed structures below and above the critical potential. Some features experimentally observed for dealloying systems are then considered. The chapter concludes by briefly reviewing the proposed mechanisms for the formation of porous metals, namely ionization-redeposition mechanism, surface diffusion mechanism, volume diffusion mechanism, and percolation model of selective dissolution.
Image
in Effects of Metallurgical Variables on Dealloying Corrosion[1]
> Corrosion in the Petrochemical Industry
Published: 01 December 2015
Fig. 9 Schematic illustration of the current-potential behavior of elemental metal “A” and “B” dissolution and the corresponding “A p B (1–p) ” alloy dissolution. The critical potential corresponds to that associated with the knee in the curve and is not sharply defined. The shape of the knee
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... to to understand rates of corrosion. The discussion covers two kinetic processes, namely electrode reactions at the cathode and anode and conduction of ions in the electrolyte. The chapter also provides information on passivation and its effect on polarization diagrams. corrosion kinetics passivation...
Abstract
Corrosion involves chemical reactions in equilibrium that that are understood through principles of thermodynamics. In practice, the rate at which corrosion reactions occur is the most important consideration. This chapter deals with corrosion kinetics, which allows engineers to to understand rates of corrosion. The discussion covers two kinetic processes, namely electrode reactions at the cathode and anode and conduction of ions in the electrolyte. The chapter also provides information on passivation and its effect on polarization diagrams.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030039
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... to accelerated attack of the metal surface, as shown in Fig. 2 . There are numerous practical cases of geometries that lead to crevice corrosion. In almost any engineered structure there are many instances in which two or more materials are, by design, in close proximity as described previously. If electrolyte...
Abstract
This chapter provides a detailed account of crevice corrosion of metals. It begins by describing various critical factors influencing crevice corrosion. This is followed by a section presenting selected examples of crevice corrosion of stainless steel, nickel alloys, aluminum alloys, and titanium alloys in different environments. Methods that have been developed for differentiating and ranking the resistance of alloys toward crevice corrosion are then reviewed. The chapter concludes by discussing various strategies for the prevention of crevice corrosion, namely design awareness, use of inhibitors, and potential control methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.9781627082501
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910497
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... in both acid and alkaline environments. anaerobic. Free of air or uncombined oxygen. anion. A negatively charged ion that migrates through the electrolyte toward the anode under the influence of a potential gradient. See also cation and ion. anode. The electrode of an electrolyte cell at which oxidation...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... dissolution and (b) the same cell with a variable resistor and voltmeter (the anode and cathode, respectively), an electrolyte, and an electron pathway. It should be noted that electrodes are interfaces that require several phases to be in contact. Oxidation, Reaction 2, occurs at the anode and reduction...
Abstract
Corrosion is a key subject for more or less all classes of alloys that fall within the broad definition of stainless steels because these alloys were developed with the intention of preventing corrosion. This chapter provides an introduction to the fundamentals of electrochemical theory as it pertains to corrosion resistance of stainless steels. The discussion provides an overview of electrochemical reactions, Faraday's law, the Nernst equation, galvanic versus electrochemical cells, corrosion tendency, and Pourbaix diagrams.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2009
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.bcp.t52230493
EISBN: 978-1-62708-298-3
... and organic fluids, they cannot be recycled directly. Dissolution and recovery of beryllium must be performed through the resource recovery facility described previously. If the beryllium oxide ceramic is metallized (molybdenum, manganese, nickel, and copper), the metals must be chemically milled before...
Abstract
This chapter describes a process for recovering beryllium from industrial waste associated with beryllium-copper production. It presents several detailed flowsheets along with typical operating parameters such as flow rates, chemical concentrations, particle sizes, and compositional ranges.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... dissolution of the underlying metal. If the attack initiates on an open surface, it is called pitting corrosion; at an occluded site, it is called crevice corrosion. These closely related forms of localized corrosion can lead to accelerated failure of structural components by perforation or by acting...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the better-known and widely studied phenomenon of pitting corrosion of passive metals. The discussion focuses on different parameters that influence pitting corrosion, namely environment, metal composition, potential, temperature, surface condition, and inhibitors. It also provides information on various stages of pitting: passive film breakdown, metastable pitting, pit growth, and pit stifling or death.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310193
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... treatments such as Kolene,* a molten mixture of nitrate salt and hydroxide, or electrolytic conversion treatments such as electrolytic sodium sulfate. Both treatments convert the trivalent chromium to hexavalent form, allowing for easy scale dissolution. Their use may, however, lead to environmental problems...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030126
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... in the electrolyte) and for hydrogen-assisted crack growth resulting from the reduction of hydrogen ions at the crack tip. Thermodynamics of SCC The thermodynamic conditions for anodically assisted SCC are that dissolution or oxidation of the metal and its dissolution in the electrolyte must...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) of metals and their alloys. It is intended to familiarize the reader with the phenomenological and mechanistic aspects of stress corrosion. The phenomenological description of crack initiation and propagation describes well-established experimental evidence and observations of stress corrosion, while the discussions on mechanisms describe the physical process involved in crack initiation and propagation. Several parameters that are known to influence the rate of crack growth in aqueous solutions are presented, along with important fracture features.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... requirements both for anodically assisted SCC (where crack propagation depends either directly or indirectly on the oxidation of metal atoms from the crack tip and their dissolution in the electrolyte) and for hydrogen-assisted crack growth resulting from the reduction of hydrogen ions at the crack tip...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the conditions and sequence of events that lead to stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms by which it progresses. It explains that the stresses involved in SCC are relatively small and, in most cases, work in combination with the development of a surface film. It describes bulk and surface reactions that contribute to SCC, including dissolution, mass transport, absorption, diffusion, and embrittlement, and their role in crack nucleation and growth. It also discusses crack tip chemistry, grain-boundary interactions, and the effect of stress-intensity on crack propagation rates, and describes several mechanical fracture models, including corrosion tunnel, film-induced cleavage, and tarnish rupture models.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.9781627082822
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030380
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
.... The electrode of an electrolyte cell at which oxidation occurs. Electrons ow away from the anode in the external circuit. It is usually at this electrode that corrosion occurs and metal ions enter solution. Contrast with cathode. anode corrosion. The dissolution of a metal acting as an anode. anode corrosion...
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 1984
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mpp.t67850165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-260-0
... an “etched” condition suitable for structure examination. Standard chemical etching solutions are most commonly employed, but other methods are also used such as anodizing and electrolytic and potentiostatic etching. Techniques using heat, such as heat tinting or thermal etching, are useful and have wide...
Abstract
This chapter explains how to achieve accurate, sharp delineation of the microstructure of metals using appropriate etching and contrasting techniques. It covers a variety of methods, including chemical etching, heat tinting, gas contrasting, vapor deposition, magnetic etching, ion bombardment, and dislocation etch pitting.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 March 2001
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.secwr.t68350011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-315-7
... of electricity. For the flow of energy to take place, either a moist conductor or an electrolyte must be present. An electrolyte is an electricity-conducting solution containing ions, which are atomic particles or radicals bearing an electrical charge. Charged ions are present in solutions of acids, alkalis...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the basic principles of corrosion, explaining how and why it occurs and how it is categorized and dealt with based on the appearance of corrosion damage or the mechanism of attack. It explains where different forms of corrosion are likely to occur and identifies metals likely to be affected. It also discusses the selection and use of protective coatings and the tests that have been developed to measure their effectiveness.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
..., as with some acid media, so that passivating species cannot form or by being too oxidizing so that the oxidized species that normally affect passivity are no longer stable. The former is called dissolution in the active state, while the latter is termed transpassive dissolution . Intelligent design...
Abstract
This chapter explores the behavior of stainless steel in media that promote corrosion. The forms of corrosion covered are uniform corrosion, atmospheric corrosion, localized corrosion, pitting corrosion, crevice corrosion, and grain boundary corrosion. The chapter discusses the influence of material and environmental variables on stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) and the mechanisms proposed for SCC in stainless steel, comparing the mechanism of SCC with hydrogen embrittlement. In addition, it provides information on biocorrosion and microbiologically induced corrosion in ambient aqueous environments.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... particles (electrons and ions) at the interface of the metal (an electronic conductor) and the electrolyte (an ionic conductor). The transfer of electrons (flow of electric current) occurs because of the formation of a galvanic corrosion cell on the metal surface. Three elements are necessary for the cell...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some important factors involved in the atmospheric corrosion of engineering materials. The discussion begins with a description of elements necessary for the operation of a galvanic corrosion cell and corrosion reactions, followed by the types of atmospheric corrosion attack. Some of the atmospheric parameters and their effects on the corrosion of several metals are then reviewed. The following sections provide information on air chemistry, principal pollutants inducing corrosion, thermodynamics as well as models for prediction of atmospheric corrosion, and use of Pourbaix diagrams. The phenomenon of precipitation runoff on the corroded metal surface is then discussed. The chapter also describes the role of microbes or bacteria in the corrosion of metals. It concludes by providing information on the trends in atmospheric corrosion research and methods.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 October 2011
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mnm2.t53060369
EISBN: 978-1-62708-261-7
... cathodic region. Anodic dissolution occurs at the stagnant area. Once attack is underway, the area in the crevice or under a deposit becomes increasingly more aggressive because of pH depression and an increase in electrolyte concentration. Crevice corrosion can occur at a joint between any two...
Abstract
Corrosion can be defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between a material and its environment that causes the material and its properties to degrade. In most cases, it refers to the electrochemical oxidation of metals accompanied by the production of oxides or salts of the base material. This chapter discusses the process of corrosion and how to prevent or mitigate its effects. It describes several forms of corrosion, including uniform, intergranular, pitting, crevice, and stray-current corrosion, and the effects of stress-corrosion cracking, corrosion fatigue, and selective leaching. It discusses the use of corrosion inhibitors, cathodic and anodic protection, pH control, and Pourbaix diagrams.
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