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electrochemical theory
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310011
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... theory as it pertains to corrosion resistance of stainless steels. The discussion provides an overview of electrochemical reactions, Faraday's law, the Nernst equation, galvanic versus electrochemical cells, corrosion tendency, and Pourbaix diagrams. corrosion stainless steel corrosion prevention...
Abstract
Corrosion is a key subject for more or less all classes of alloys that fall within the broad definition of stainless steels because these alloys were developed with the intention of preventing corrosion. This chapter provides an introduction to the fundamentals of electrochemical theory as it pertains to corrosion resistance of stainless steels. The discussion provides an overview of electrochemical reactions, Faraday's law, the Nernst equation, galvanic versus electrochemical cells, corrosion tendency, and Pourbaix diagrams.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... in an electrolytic solution. It describes how corrosion potentials and current densities are measured and explains how to deal with various sources of error. It also explains how electrochemical impedance measurements are used and describes the underlying theory and procedures in some detail. corrosion rate...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the principles and procedures of electrochemical measurements used to investigate corrosion behaviors. It begins by presenting a diagram of a basic potentiostatic circuit, which consists of a working electrode and an auxiliary or counter electrode suspended in an electrolytic solution. It describes how corrosion potentials and current densities are measured and explains how to deal with various sources of error. It also explains how electrochemical impedance measurements are used and describes the underlying theory and procedures in some detail.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910049
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... reactions, the mixed-potential theory, and the exchange currents. aqueous corrosion free energy electrochemical potential potential-pH diagram iron gold copper zinc aluminum titanium polarization anodic reactions cathodic reactions mixed-potential theory exchange currents ionic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the principles of corrosion of metals in aqueous environments. The thermodynamics of aqueous corrosion is the subject of the first half of this chapter, which addresses concepts such as corrosion reactions and free-energy change, the relationship between free energy and electrochemical potential, the effect of ionic concentration on electrode potential, and the corrosion behavior of a metal based on its potential-pH diagram. The corrosion (potential-pH) behavior of iron, gold, copper, zinc, aluminum, and titanium are described. Understanding the kinetics of corrosion and the factors that control the rates of corrosion reactions requires examination of the concepts of polarization behavior and identification of the various forms of polarization in an electrochemical cell. These concepts, addressed in the remaining of this chapter, include anodic and cathodic reactions, the mixed-potential theory, and the exchange currents.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310057
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... the thermodynamic conditions and electrochemical nature of oxidation and providing information on transient oxidation. This is followed by a description of Wagner's theory for metal oxidation. The volatile nature of Cr 2 O 3 is then reviewed. The chapter further discusses the causes and preventive measures...
Abstract
Stainless steel retains strength and has excellent oxidation resistance from room temperature to nearly 1000 deg C relative to competitive materials. This chapter focuses on the high-temperature oxidation of stainless steel by oxygen or water vapor. It begins by discussing the thermodynamic conditions and electrochemical nature of oxidation and providing information on transient oxidation. This is followed by a description of Wagner's theory for metal oxidation. The volatile nature of Cr 2 O 3 is then reviewed. The chapter further discusses the causes and preventive measures of spalling and cracking of oxide scale. It ends with a section providing information on oxidation behaviors under less-oxidizing atmospheres.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090241
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
... amounts of soluble alloying elements, primarily copper, magnesium, silicon, and zinc, are susceptible to SCC. For most commercial alloys, tempers have been developed that provide a high degree of immunity to SCC in most environments. The electrochemical theory of stress corrosion, which was developed...
Abstract
Aluminum is protected by a barrier oxide film that, if damaged, reforms immediately in most environments. Despite this inherent corrosion resistance, there are conditions where aluminum alloys, like many materials, are subject to the effects of stress-corrosion cracking (SCC). This chapter describes those conditions, focusing initially on the effects of alloying elements and temper on solution potential and how it compares to other metals. It then addresses the issue of intergranular corrosion and its role in SCC. It explains how factors such as stress loads, grain structure, and environment determine whether or not stress-corrosion cracking develops in a susceptible alloy. It also provides stress-corrosion ratings for many alloys, tempers, and product forms and includes information on hydrogen-induced cracking.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030033
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... are altered such that further pit growth is promoted. The anodic and cathodic electrochemical reactions that comprise corrosion separate spatially during pitting ( Fig. 2 ). The local pit environment becomes depleted in cathodic reactant (e.g., oxygen), which shifts most of the cathodic reaction...
Abstract
This chapter concentrates on the better-known and widely studied phenomenon of pitting corrosion of passive metals. The discussion focuses on different parameters that influence pitting corrosion, namely environment, metal composition, potential, temperature, surface condition, and inhibitors. It also provides information on various stages of pitting: passive film breakdown, metastable pitting, pit growth, and pit stifling or death.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... and theory of anodic protection are summarized. In addition to briefly describing the various items used for each component of an anodic protection system, the chapter presents design concerns as well as applications of the system. Factors concerning the economic justification of anodic protection are also...
Abstract
Anodic protection is used on a smaller scale than other corrosion control techniques due to the fundamental electrochemistry involved. This chapter provides a brief history of the technique, discusses anodic protection use, and compares anodic and cathodic protection. The background and theory of anodic protection are summarized. In addition to briefly describing the various items used for each component of an anodic protection system, the chapter presents design concerns as well as applications of the system. Factors concerning the economic justification of anodic protection are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030003
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... corrosion localized corrosion mechanically assisted degradation environmentally induced cracking microbiologically influenced corrosion metallurgically influenced corrosion WHILE CORROSION CAN TAKE MANY FORMS, it is most generally defined as a chemical or electrochemical reaction between...
Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... Abstract This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating...
Abstract
This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ssde.t52310019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-286-0
... of corrosion. Introduction Consider the differential aeration cell discussed in the Chapter 2 on corrosion theory, Fe/O 2 /OH − , Fe 2+ /Fe. If the thermodynamic conditions favor electrochemical corrosion of iron, that is, E r x n = E O 2 / OH − − E Fe...
Abstract
Corrosion involves chemical reactions in equilibrium that that are understood through principles of thermodynamics. In practice, the rate at which corrosion reactions occur is the most important consideration. This chapter deals with corrosion kinetics, which allows engineers to to understand rates of corrosion. The discussion covers two kinetic processes, namely electrode reactions at the cathode and anode and conduction of ions in the electrolyte. The chapter also provides information on passivation and its effect on polarization diagrams.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940087
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... and theoretical relationships between the two. Before examining some of the simple theories, experimental techniques, and interpretations of the observed relationships, it is useful to characterize the polarization behavior of several of the important electrochemical reactions involved in corrosion processes...
Abstract
This chapter lays the groundwork for understanding electrode kinetics associated with corrosion. It presents a simple but useful theory relating kinetics to the polarization behavior of half-cell reactions. The theory is based on the observation that electrode potentials vary as a function of current density or charge transfer in a given area. The chapter explains how to measure and plot electrode potentials and currents and how to interpret the resulting polarization curves. It also discusses the effects of concentration gradients, explaining how they cause diffusion and, in some cases, produce changes in electrode potential.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 September 2008
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fahtsc.t51130503
EISBN: 978-1-62708-284-6
... under high temperature and pressure. Although many theories for stress-corrosion cracking have been suggested, only two appear to be the basis for such cracking. These are the stress-sorption theory and the electrochemical theory. The stress-sorption theory states that damaging substances...
Abstract
Failure analysis of steel welds may be divided into three categories. They include failures due to design deficiencies, weld-related defects usually found during inspection, and failures in field service. This chapter emphasizes the failures due to various discontinuities in the steel weldment. These include poor workmanship, a variety of hydrogen-assisted cracking failures, stress-corrosion cracking, fatigue, and solidification cracking in steel welds. Hydrogen-assisted cracking can appear in four common forms, namely underbead or delayed cracking, weld metal fisheyes, ferrite vein cracking, and hydrogen-assisted reduced ductility.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... processes will be emphasized. Electrochemical Corrosion Processes and Variables Before examining in detail the theories of aqueous corrosion processes and the bases for making quantitative calculations of corrosion rates, it will be useful to develop qualitatively the major phenomena involved...
Abstract
This chapter familiarizes readers with the basic concepts of corrosion, discussing chemical reactions, ion transfer mechanisms, electrochemical processes and variables, and the formation of solid corrosion products. It presents a simple but effective teaching tool, the elementary electrochemical corrosion circuit, using it to explain how electric potential differences drive the corrosion process and how corrosion rates vary in proportion to current density. The chapter concludes with a discussion on the importance of corrosion products, such as oxides and hydroxides, and how their formation can be a major factor in controlling corrosion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56080001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-460-4
... to evaluate inhibition efficiency through weight loss measurements, linear polarization resistance tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical noise monitoring, and surface analysis. It demonstrates the use of potentiodynamic polarization curves, Tafel extrapolations, equivalent circuit...
Abstract
This chapter covers the engineering aspects of corrosion inhibitors and their effect on corrosion reactions. It explains how different metallic salts and heterocyclic compounds influence chemical reactions on metal surfaces exposed to corrosive media or environments. It describes how to evaluate inhibition efficiency through weight loss measurements, linear polarization resistance tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical noise monitoring, and surface analysis. It demonstrates the use of potentiodynamic polarization curves, Tafel extrapolations, equivalent circuit models, and various methods for characterizing corrosion damage and protective surface films. It also discusses typical applications, industry trends, and the emerging role of high-throughput experimentation, quantitative modeling, and machine learning in the development of cleaner and more effective corrosion inhibitors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2017
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.sccmpe2.t55090257
EISBN: 978-1-62708-266-2
...)80076-4 9.50 Vermilyea D.A. , A Theory for the Propagation of Stress Corrosion Cracks in Metals , J. Electrochem. Soc. , Vol 119 , 1972 , p 405 – 407 10.1149/1.2404217 9.51 Vialatte M. , Study of the SCC Behavior of the Alloy Mg-8%Al , Symp. Engineering Practice...
Abstract
Stress-corrosion cracking (SCC) in magnesium alloys was first reported in the 1930s and, within ten years, became the focus of intense study. This chapter provides a summary of all known work published since then on the nature of SCC in magnesium alloys and how it is related to composition, microstructure, and heat treatment. It describes the types of environments where magnesium alloys are most susceptible to SCC and the effect of contributing factors such as temperature, strain rate, and applied and residual stresses. The chapter also discusses crack morphology and what it reveals, provides information on proposed cracking mechanisms, and presents a practical approach for preventing SCC.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.9781627084604
EISBN: 978-1-62708-460-4
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.9781627083027
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940127
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... formation, make quantitative calculations of long-time corrosion rates very uncertain. The theory underlying these calculations, however, has been useful in interpreting observations in research and in industrial situations. A Physical Representation of the Electrochemical Behavior of Mixed Electrodes...
Abstract
This chapter develops a corrosion model that accounts for solution potentials and the effects of coupling between cathodic and anodic reactions. It begins by examining potential differences at various points (in the solution) along a path from the anode to the cathode area. It then presents a simple model of a galvanically coupled electrode, in which the metal is represented as an array of anode and cathode reaction surfaces. The chapter goes on to develop the related theory of mixed electrodes, showing how it can be used to predict corrosion rates based on measured potentials and current densities, polarization characteristics, and physical variables such as anode-to-cathode area ratios and fluid velocity. It also discusses the effect of corrosion inhibitors, galvanic coupling, and external currents, making extensive use of polarization curves.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030082
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... with the experimentally observed behaviors. Common Features There are common features associated with dealloying systems. They include: The electrochemical behavior consists of a dealloying critical potential above which the bicontinuous morphologies shown in Fig. 1 develop. The critical potential...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of metallurgical variables on dealloying corrosion. It begins by describing the processes involved in dealloying of metal alloys in aqueous environments. This is followed by a discussion on the morphology of porous dealloyed structures below and above the critical potential. Some features experimentally observed for dealloying systems are then considered. The chapter concludes by briefly reviewing the proposed mechanisms for the formation of porous metals, namely ionization-redeposition mechanism, surface diffusion mechanism, volume diffusion mechanism, and percolation model of selective dissolution.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... hydrogen electrode with hydrogen ions at unity activity/concentration (a = 1, aqueous) Elements of the Process Atmospheric corrosion is an aqueous process, and its mechanism is electrochemical. There is not only a transfer of mass during the chemical reaction but also an interchange of charged...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some important factors involved in the atmospheric corrosion of engineering materials. The discussion begins with a description of elements necessary for the operation of a galvanic corrosion cell and corrosion reactions, followed by the types of atmospheric corrosion attack. Some of the atmospheric parameters and their effects on the corrosion of several metals are then reviewed. The following sections provide information on air chemistry, principal pollutants inducing corrosion, thermodynamics as well as models for prediction of atmospheric corrosion, and use of Pourbaix diagrams. The phenomenon of precipitation runoff on the corroded metal surface is then discussed. The chapter also describes the role of microbes or bacteria in the corrosion of metals. It concludes by providing information on the trends in atmospheric corrosion research and methods.
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