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Book Chapter
Book: Corrosion of Weldments
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2006
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cw.t51820203
EISBN: 978-1-62708-339-3
... Abstract This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating...
Abstract
This chapter addresses in-service monitoring and corrosion testing of weldments. Three categories of corrosion monitoring are discussed: direct testing of coupons, electrochemical techniques, and nondestructive testing techniques. The majority of the test methods for evaluating corrosion of weldments are used to assess intergranular corrosion of stainless steels and high-nickel alloys. Other applicable tests evaluate pitting and crevice corrosion, stress-corrosion cracking, and microbiologically influenced corrosion. Each of these test methods is reviewed in this chapter.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870075
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... Engineers , 1993 24. Baboian R. , Electrochemical Techniques for Predicting Galvanic Corrosion , Galvanic and Pitting Corrosion—Field and Laboratory Studies , STP 576, Baboian R. , France W. Jr. , Rowe L. , and Rynewicz J. , Ed., ASTM , 1976 , p 5 – 19 10.1520...
Abstract
This chapter discusses three related corrosion mechanisms, galvanic, deposition, and stray-current corrosion, explaining why they occur and how they affect the corrosion process. It includes information on testing and prevention methods along with examples of the type of damage associated with these corrosion mechanisms.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 January 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cub.t66910427
EISBN: 978-1-62708-250-1
... the characteristics of corrosion monitoring techniques, the factors to be considered in selecting a corrosion-monitoring method, and the strategies in corrosion monitoring. corrosion testing corrosion monitoring corrosion control test specimens specimen preparation specimen cleaning electrochemical tests...
Abstract
Corrosion testing and monitoring are powerful tools in the fight to control corrosion. This chapter provides a general overview of three major categories of corrosion tests, namely laboratory tests, pilot-plant tests, and field tests. It begins with brief sections describing the purposes of corrosion tests, the logical steps in a test program, and the preparation and cleaning of test specimens. The focus then moves on to discuss the types and applications of these test categories and the associated evaluation procedures. Excluding electrochemical tests which are addressed separately in this chapter, the other laboratory tests covered under this category are simulated atmosphere tests, salt-spray tests, and immersion tests. Only corrosion testing in the atmosphere is discussed in the section on field tests. Corrosion monitoring techniques are finally considered, covering the characteristics of corrosion monitoring techniques, the factors to be considered in selecting a corrosion-monitoring method, and the strategies in corrosion monitoring.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56080001
EISBN: 978-1-62708-460-4
... of the polarization curve is under activation control; (b) uniform corrosion occurs on the metal electrode; and (c) changes of electrode potential do not alter the mechanisms of corrosion reactions. In general, PDS is a powerful technique to distinguish the kinetic behavior of an electrochemical system...
Abstract
This chapter covers the engineering aspects of corrosion inhibitors and their effect on corrosion reactions. It explains how different metallic salts and heterocyclic compounds influence chemical reactions on metal surfaces exposed to corrosive media or environments. It describes how to evaluate inhibition efficiency through weight loss measurements, linear polarization resistance tests, electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, electrochemical noise monitoring, and surface analysis. It demonstrates the use of potentiodynamic polarization curves, Tafel extrapolations, equivalent circuit models, and various methods for characterizing corrosion damage and protective surface films. It also discusses typical applications, industry trends, and the emerging role of high-throughput experimentation, quantitative modeling, and machine learning in the development of cleaner and more effective corrosion inhibitors.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030019
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
...-consuming, this is the most desirable method of investigating galvanic corrosion. Screening tests are conducted initially to eliminate as many candidate materials as possible. These screening tests consist of one or more of the following three electrochemical techniques: potential measurements, current...
Abstract
This chapter provides a brief account of galvanic corrosion, which occurs when a metal or alloy is electrically coupled to another metal or conducting nonmetal in the same electrolyte. It begins by describing the galvanic series of metals and alloys useful for predicting galvanic relationships, followed by a brief section on polarization of metals or alloys. The effects of area, distance, and geometric shapes on galvanic-corrosion behavior are then discussed. Various alloys susceptible to galvanic corrosion are briefly reviewed. The chapter also discusses various modes of attack that lead to galvanic corrosion, along with methods for predicting and controlling galvanic corrosion.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.9781627084604
EISBN: 978-1-62708-460-4
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 July 2000
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.fec.t65940233
EISBN: 978-1-62708-302-7
... IR-correction method. Based on Ref 2 Electrochemical Corrosion-Rate Measurement Methods and the Uniform-Corrosion Consideration The thermodynamic and kinetic principles along with measurement techniques described in previous sections provide the basis for both predicting and measuring...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the principles and procedures of electrochemical measurements used to investigate corrosion behaviors. It begins by presenting a diagram of a basic potentiostatic circuit, which consists of a working electrode and an auxiliary or counter electrode suspended in an electrolytic solution. It describes how corrosion potentials and current densities are measured and explains how to deal with various sources of error. It also explains how electrochemical impedance measurements are used and describes the underlying theory and procedures in some detail.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 November 2013
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.mfub.t53740373
EISBN: 978-1-62708-308-9
... mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, and atomizing processes used in powder production, discusses powder treatments, and describes consolidation techniques along with secondary operations used to obtain special properties or improve dimensional precision. It also discusses common defects such as ejection...
Abstract
This chapter covers the basic steps of the powder metallurgy process, including powder manufacture, powder blending, compacting, and sintering. It identifies important powder characteristics such as particle size, size distribution, particle shape, and purity. It compares and contrasts mechanical, chemical, electrochemical, and atomizing processes used in powder production, discusses powder treatments, and describes consolidation techniques along with secondary operations used to obtain special properties or improve dimensional precision. It also discusses common defects such as ejection cracks, density variations, and microlaminations.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 August 1999
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.caaa.t67870045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-299-0
... electrochemical techniques. The electrochemical techniques used to investigate pitting corrosion include the simple monitoring of corrosion potential and its fluctuation with time due to pitting attack, potentiostatic tests, potentiodynamic tests (at relatively slow scan rates of a few millivolts per minute...
Abstract
Pitting is the most common corrosion attack on aluminum alloy products. This chapter explains why pitting occurs and how it appears in different types of aluminum. It discusses pitting rates, pitting potentials, and pitting resistance as well as testing and prevention methods. It also discusses the problem of crevice corrosion and how it is influenced by crevice geometry and operating environment. The discussion covers the most common forms of crevice corrosion, including water staining, poultice corrosion, and filiform corrosion, along with related testing and prevention methods.
Image
in Corrosion Testing and Performance
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 9.9 Schematic of double–loop electrochemical poten tiokinetic reactivation technique. Source: Ref 4 , 18 , 21 , 22
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Book Chapter
Book: Principles of Soldering
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 April 2004
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ps.t62440245
EISBN: 978-1-62708-352-2
... , Electrochemical Publications • International Organization for Standardization (IOS) , 1990 . Welding, Brazing, and Soldering Processes: Vocabulary , (ISO/DIS 857-2), ISO (currently under revision) • Klein Wassink R.J. , 1989 . Soldering in Electronics , 2nd ed. , Electrochemical...
Abstract
This appendix contains a brief list of general references related to soldering technology.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030349
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... a change in the bulk material properties. As such, most are used off-line and do not provide real-time data, requiring measurement cycles of days to weeks. Corrosion rate techniques: linear polarization resistance, harmonic distortion analysis (HDA), and electrochemical noise (EN). The corrosion rate...
Abstract
This chapter examines methods of internal corrosion prediction for multiphase pipelines and details methodologies to perform internal corrosion direct assessment for natural gas pipelines. Further, real-time monitoring techniques for assessing actual corrosion at critical locations are discussed.
Image
in Corrosion Testing and Performance
> Powder Metallurgy Stainless Steels: Processing, Microstructures, and Properties
Published: 01 June 2007
Fig. 9.11 Polarization curves for 316L powder metallurgy steels obtained by the electrochemical potentiokinetic reactivation double-loop technique in 0.5 M H 2 SO 4 + 0.01 M KSCN (30 °C, or 86 °F). (a) Steel without sensitization. (b) Sensitized steel with 1850 ppm nitrogen. (c) Liquid
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Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030005
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... hydrogen electrode with hydrogen ions at unity activity/concentration (a = 1, aqueous) Elements of the Process Atmospheric corrosion is an aqueous process, and its mechanism is electrochemical. There is not only a transfer of mass during the chemical reaction but also an interchange of charged...
Abstract
This chapter discusses some important factors involved in the atmospheric corrosion of engineering materials. The discussion begins with a description of elements necessary for the operation of a galvanic corrosion cell and corrosion reactions, followed by the types of atmospheric corrosion attack. Some of the atmospheric parameters and their effects on the corrosion of several metals are then reviewed. The following sections provide information on air chemistry, principal pollutants inducing corrosion, thermodynamics as well as models for prediction of atmospheric corrosion, and use of Pourbaix diagrams. The phenomenon of precipitation runoff on the corroded metal surface is then discussed. The chapter also describes the role of microbes or bacteria in the corrosion of metals. It concludes by providing information on the trends in atmospheric corrosion research and methods.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 September 2024
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.pmamfa.t59400277
EISBN: 978-1-62708-479-6
... electrochemical energy storage devices with very high densities using controllable and scalable manufacturing techniques is a major obstacle. Advancements in Additive Manufacturing for Energy Storage Devices Additive manufacturing (AM) technology has played a significant role in transforming...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the advantages and limitations of 3D printing technology for the production of batteries and supercapacitors. It explains how 3D printing methods facilitate the build of microdevices with hierarchical nanoarchitectures and controlled microstructure. It also reviews recent progress in fabricating electrodes and electrolytes using 3D-printed functional materials.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030180
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract Anodic protection is used on a smaller scale than other corrosion control techniques due to the fundamental electrochemistry involved. This chapter provides a brief history of the technique, discusses anodic protection use, and compares anodic and cathodic protection. The background...
Abstract
Anodic protection is used on a smaller scale than other corrosion control techniques due to the fundamental electrochemistry involved. This chapter provides a brief history of the technique, discusses anodic protection use, and compares anodic and cathodic protection. The background and theory of anodic protection are summarized. In addition to briefly describing the various items used for each component of an anodic protection system, the chapter presents design concerns as well as applications of the system. Factors concerning the economic justification of anodic protection are also described.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030165
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract The basic concept for most methods of corrosion protection is to remove one or more of the electrochemical cell components so that the pure metal or metal alloy of interest will not corrode. Another widely used corrosion protection approach is to change the nature of the anode so...
Abstract
The basic concept for most methods of corrosion protection is to remove one or more of the electrochemical cell components so that the pure metal or metal alloy of interest will not corrode. Another widely used corrosion protection approach is to change the nature of the anode so that it becomes the cathode (cathodic protection). This chapter briefly reviews these methods of corrosion protection. The factors affecting corrosion behavior are covered. In addition, the chapter provides information on coatings and inhibitors, which are used in corrosion protection.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 30 November 2023
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.ciktmse.t56080029
EISBN: 978-1-62708-460-4
... protection Solution A few methods can be chosen to evaluate the inhibition performance. For example, weight loss and other electrochemical methods can be applied to obtain inhibition efficiency; a polarization technique, such as PDS, can be used to determine the effect of an inhibitor molecule...
Abstract
This chapter contains sample problems with worked solutions pertaining to the application of corrosion inhibitors. Correct answers require an understanding of potentiodynamic polarization scan (PDS) curves, the determination of corrosion current and inhibitor efficiency, and the development of a test plan to evaluate the long-term corrosion protection of a potential inhibitor.
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030082
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... K. , A Comparison and Evaluation of Bare Surface Electrochemical Techniques for the Investigation of Stress Corrosion Cracking in Alpha Brass , Corros. Sci. , Vol 28 , 1988 , p 109 – 118 10.1016/0010-938X(88)90012-1 20. Pryor M.J. and Kar-Kheng G. , The Effect of Arsenic...
Abstract
This chapter discusses the effects of metallurgical variables on dealloying corrosion. It begins by describing the processes involved in dealloying of metal alloys in aqueous environments. This is followed by a discussion on the morphology of porous dealloyed structures below and above the critical potential. Some features experimentally observed for dealloying systems are then considered. The chapter concludes by briefly reviewing the proposed mechanisms for the formation of porous metals, namely ionization-redeposition mechanism, surface diffusion mechanism, volume diffusion mechanism, and percolation model of selective dissolution.
Book Chapter
Series: ASM Technical Books
Publisher: ASM International
Published: 01 December 2015
DOI: 10.31399/asm.tb.cpi2.t55030045
EISBN: 978-1-62708-282-2
... Abstract This chapter focuses on the effects of microscopic organisms and the by-products they produce on the electrochemical corrosion of metals. It begins by considering the characteristics of organisms that allow them to interact with the corrosion processes, the mechanisms by which...
Abstract
This chapter focuses on the effects of microscopic organisms and the by-products they produce on the electrochemical corrosion of metals. It begins by considering the characteristics of organisms that allow them to interact with the corrosion processes, the mechanisms by which organisms can influence the occurrence or rate of corrosion, and the types of corrosion most often influenced by microbes. The chapter then discusses the formation of biofilms on the surface of metals. This is followed by a list of industries most often reported as being affected by microbiological corrosion, along with the organisms usually implicated in the attack. The types of attack that have most commonly been documented are illustrated through generalized case histories for different classes of alloys. The chapter also describes the general approaches to be taken to prevent microbiologically influenced corrosion. It ends with some information on the inhibition of corrosion by the action of bacteria.
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